SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY © AT CLAREMONT | _. WEST FOOTHILL AT COLLEGE AVENUE CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA pr. TS See OREN Rtg IN ee elt, are ey pos <2 Srano-Aryan FAITH AND DOCTRINE As Contained in the | Zend-Abesta AL BE Rew PIKE 1874 ouisville Ly r' 2 on ) a = 7 a Y i ate > = a oe hs ‘ rire ‘ a * ; = fy i m= | < pn i ih: a ee 1 ; ° = = aw ay ay , «A 7 84 ave al ‘ ‘Livin vViLNad’D \ THE SEVEN AMESHA-CPENTAS ’ < e C bi My yereist * | PATYALDAA bs . cu - CIMA VavHe AT FOREWORD. Such words as “‘colour,’’ “favour,” “honour,” “labour,” ‘saviour,’ ‘“‘splen- dour,” ‘‘vapour,”’ ‘‘vigour,’’ and such other like words as “unfavourable,” etc., are printed as they were spelled by the author more than fifty years since, when such spellings were proper. Suppose, if one can, that the immortal works of Shakespeare had remained unpublished until to-day—those works to which English literature owes so much—those works which opened the souls of men— which did so much for civilization through the genius of this great drama- tist and historian as shown in his exposition of the character and passions of humanity. Our great apostle cultivated another field, a new and almost sacred field of intellectual endeavor. He knew, as well as did Max Miiller, that the Proto-Aryans and the Indo-Aryans were our physical, linguistic and philosophical ancestors; and he knew that the monotheistic Irano-Aryans were our religious, religio-philosophical and spiritual ancestors; and with his transcendent genius he places before our mental vision. the habitat, migrations and early pre-historic history of these our ancestors, He made his own environment, struggling in an isolated life, though filled with the highest dignity, that of ennobling genius, happy in the thought that he would give us something by which we might be made much happier and better men, and that he might live in our memories for what he had been to us and for us. ‘These pages show his familiarity with the work of: Anquetil duPerron, Benfey, Bleeck (translation of Spiegel), Bopp, Bunsen, Burnouf, Haug, Muir, Miiller, Neriosengh, Panini, the Rawlinson brothers (Sir Henry and Mr. George), Roth, Spiegel, Westergaard, Whitney and Windisch- mann. He, who had written poems on the gods of Grecian mythology before he was twenty years of age, which poems were accorded high praise in Blackwood’s Magazine, and who was thoroughly familiar with the works of Plato and Philo in the original Greek, who was thoroughly familiar with the works of the Church Fathers and with those of the Christian and Pagan historians, may well be regarded as familiar with classical Greek; who had translated the Pandects of Justinian and the Maxims of the Roman Law, might well be regarded as familiar with Latin; who had, more than fifty years ago, written a translation of and Commentary on the Hebrew Kabalah, as a Hebrew scholar; whose'translation of and Com- ’ mentary on the Vedic Hymns, in twenty large volumes, won for him fame as one of the greatest Sanskrit scholars of his period; whose Lectures on the Aryas in eight goodly volumes (four on the Irano-Aryans and four on the Indo-Aryans) and other works like the present one show that he had well earned the title given him forty years since as ‘‘the greatest living Orientalist.”’ The task which he had assigned himself in this work was to search out all the evidence which his phenomenally well-stored mind and his well- schooled powers of discriminative analysis could bring to bear upon this great problem of religious philosophy, which so fascinates every thoughtful person. Having been a Chief Justice of a Supreme Court, he had been schooled to weigh evidence. The quotations from the Bible, written before the publication of the Revised Version, are evidently frequently from the Hebrew or Greek editions of the Books of the Bible, or from the Vulgate. Should there arise a question of the rendering of passages in a more or less fragmentary manner, written in a language of which there was no dictionary in existence, the reader should consider the rendering of the Pentateuch written before the days of Masoretic points, when even highly skilled Hebrew scholars could not agree as to passages. This is not a book to be read cursorily. / It is not difficult to realize that in such a combination of quotations, extracts, paraphrases and commentary, written rapidly, with quill pens of his own make, in a small, cursive hand, the transcriber may have occasionally failed to give due credit for authorship. Those who knew the General and his literary habits, know how foreign and detestable to him was plagiarism. The writer, who has attempted to transcribe faithfully this great Work, filled with reverence for the memory of its gifted author, desires that all sins in this category in this work be ascribed to | M. W. Woop, Transcriber. September, 1924. PREFATORY. I appended to the Work on The Faith and Worship of the Aryans, a chapter upon the Zendic Compositions contained in the collection known as the ‘‘Zend-Avesta,’’ the more recent correct name for which is the ““Avesta-Zend.”’ The slight examination which I then made of these most ancient embodiments of Aryan thought, so interested me as to persuade me to a more careful and extended one; and has resulted in this attempt partially to discover their meaning. It is to be a book chiefly of conjectures and suggestions. I make no pretensions to any critical knowledge of the Zend or Bactrian language, and have for the most part had, as aids to interpretation, only the English text, furnished by Bleeck (from Spiegel) and by Dr. Haug, with the notes accompanying their translations. Therefore I know, of course, that this work can be of no great value; and can only hope that it may be found to contribute something towards correct interpretation of these old and muti- lated monuments of the Aryan race. I daresay that my conjectures will be often found to be over-bold, but I will not apologize for that, where conjecture is so often the forced resource for interpretation. Few names of antiquity are oftener mentioned than that of Zoro- aster; few ancient Orders of Priests or Men than the Magi; and every man of moderate acquaintance with the ancient religions has read of Ormuzd and Ahriman, the rival principles of good and evil, light and darkness; of the creative word Honover, and the Amshaspands, Devs, Izeds and Ferouers, and of Zeruane Akherene, the primal Time, of Mithra the Sun-God, and Sosiosch the Saviour to come. The Persians were conquered by and received their religion from the Medes, who were Aryan emigrants from Bactria.. The earliest account of the religion of the Magi given by a Grecian writer is that by Herodotus, in Book 1, Chapters 131-2. He says: I know that the Persians observe these customs. It is not common among them to have idols made, temples built, and altars erected; they accuse of folly those who do so. I can account for that, only from their not believing that the Gods are like men, as the Hellenes do. They are accustomed to bring sacrifices to Zeus on the summits of mountains; they call the whole circle [hemispherical vault] Zeus. They bring sacrifices to the sun, moon, earth, fire, water, and winds, these originally being the only objects of worship; but they accepted from the Assyrians and Arabs the worship of Aphrodité, the Queen of Heaven, whom the Assyrians call Myletta, the Arabs Alitta, the Persians Mitra. The Persians bring sacrifices to the aforesaid gods in the following manner: They neither erect altars nor kindle fires when they are about to bring a sacrifice. They neither use libations, nor flutes, nor wreaths, nor barley; but when any one desires to bring a sacrifice he then carries the sacrificial beast to a pure spot, and after having twined round his turban a great many wreaths of myrtle, in prefer- ence to any other leaf, he invokes the Deity. The sacrificer ought not to pray only for his own prosperity;,he must also pray for the welfare of all the Persians, and for the King, because he is included among them. When he has cut the animal into pieces, he then boils its flesh, spreads the softest grass he can get, especially preferring clover, and places the pieces of flesh on it. After having made _ this arrangement, one of the Magi who is present sings a theogony, as they call the incantation. Without one of the Magi no sacrifice can be brought. After wait- ing a short time, the sacrificer takes off the pieces of flesh, and uses them as he likes. [This custom is still maintained by the Parsees. The offering is first con- secrated by the Priest, then left for a short time near the fire, and finally taken off by the sacrificer, to be used by him. It is never thrown into the fire. Haug.] He also says that they believed Fire to be a God, wherefore Cam- byses committed a great sin in burning the corpse of the King Amasis. Lying was regarded by them as the most discreditable thing, and next to it the incurring of debt, chiefly for the reason that the debtor is often compelled to tell lies. They would not spit into or wash their hands in a river, nor allow any one else to do so; for they paid a high reverence to rivers. . It is useless to quote what is said by other Greek writers or by those of Armenia or the Mohammedans, in regard to the tenets of the Persian faith; since these had greatly changed after the times of Zarathustra and his disciples and immediate successors. They will be found quoted by Dr. Haug, in Chapter 1, of his ‘History of the Researches into the Sacred Writings and Religion of the Parsees,’”’ which forms the first part of his Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsees, pub- lished at Bombay in 1862. We must ascertain what the original tenets of the religion of the Irano-Aryans were from the Zend-Avesta itself, and from the oldest compositions of that collection. Dr. Haug divides the languages of Persia, commonly called Iranian, into two divisions: 1. Iranian languages in the strictest sense. 2. Affiliated tongues. The first division comprises the ancient, middle age and modern languages of Iran, i.e., of Persia, Media and Bactria, or chiefly of those countries which are styled in the Zend-Avesta the Aryan countries (Airyéo Danhdvé). We may class them as follows: (a) The East Iranian or Bactrian eer extant only in the two dialects in which the scanty fragments of the Parsee Scripture are written. The more ancient of them may be called the Gdthé dialect, because the largest and most important pieces preserved in this peculiar idiom are the so-called GAthds or songs; the younger, in which most of the books which now make up the Zend-Avesta il are written, may be called ancient Bactrian, or the classical Zend language, which was for many centuries the spoken and written language of Bactria. The Bactrian languages seem to have been dying out in the third century, B. C., no daughter of them having been left. Zend, Dr. Haug says elsewhere, is quite a pure Aryan dialect, the elder sister of Sanskrit, but not of the Sanskrit of the Veda. He says further: (b) The West Iranian languages, or those of Media and Persia. They are known to us during the three periods, antiquity, middle ages and modern times; but only in one dialect, viz.: that which at every period served as the written language, throughout the Iranian provinces of the Persian Em- pire. . . . . Of the ancient Persian, a few documents are now extant in the cuneiform inscriptions of the kings of the Achemenian dynasty, to be found in the ruins of Persepolis, on the rock of Behistun, near Hamadan, and some other places of Persia. This language stands nearest to the two Bactrian dialects of the Zend-Avesta, but shows, however, some peculiarities. . ... It is un- doubtedly the mother of the modern Persian; but the differences between the two are nevertheless great; and to read and understand the cuneiform inscriptions, written in the ancient Persian, the Sanskrit and Zend, although they are only sisters, have proved to be more useful than its daughter, the modern Persian. The Pehlevi, that form of the Persian tongue current in Persia dur- ing the Sassanian rule (235-640, A. D.), and into which the chief parts of the Zend-Avesta (Yacna, Vispered and Vendidad) and some minor pieces were translated, is the language of the Bundehesh and other books, and, with variations, of many coins and inscriptions. It is a mixture of Semitic and Iranian elements, the Semitic part being always identical with Chaldee forms and words, and the Iranian with Persian. The non-Iranian element is called by the Parsee Priests, Huzvoresh or Huzvaresh. About. 700, A. D., the Pehlevi ceased to be a living language, by the restoration of pure Iranian words, and the extermination of the foreign Huzvoresh words, in writing commentaries on religious subjects. The restored lan- guage, so purified, was called Pazend. This was used from 700 to 1100, A. D., when modern Persian took its place, a vast number of Arabic words being incorporated with the Pazend or Parsee tongue, which still form an inseparable part of the language. It is also to be noted that the Semitic influence caused the Zend to be written, like Hebrew, from right to left, while the Sanskrit is written from left to right. Dr. Haug thinks that: the chief reason of the grammatical defects of the present texts of the Zend-Avesta is owing to the want of grammatical studies among the ancient Persians and Bactrians. The Zend is a highly developed idiom, rich in inflexions, in the verbs and nouns. In the former, where three numbers and eight cases can be distin- iii guished, it agrees almost completely with the Vedic Sanskrit; and in the latter it exhibits a greater variety of form than the classical Sanskrit, Besides, he says, we find a multitude of compound words of various kinds, and the sentences are joined together in an easy way, which is apt to contribute largely towards a quick understanding of the general sense of passages. It is a genuine sister of Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Gothic; but we find her no longer in the prime of life; she is presented to us rather in her declining age. There is every reason [he thinks], to believe that the grammar of the Bactrian language was never fixed in any way by rules, as the Sanskrit was; so that corruptions and abbreviations of forms were unavoidable, and almost all knowledge of the exact meaning of the terminations died out, when the ancient Iranian languages underwent the change from inflected to uninflected ones. After that, the Priests, ignorant of grammar, merely copied out the Zarathustrian books mechanically, or wrote them out from memory, of course full of blunders and mistakes; for which reason the copies now in use are in the most deplorable condition as regards grammar. In the translations by Bleeck, from the German of Professor Spiegel, of the Avesta-Zend, the different portions are not arranged according to their age. First comes the Vendidad (vi-Daévo-datem, what is given against Daevas), in 22 Fargards, or chapters; which is followed by the Vispered (said by Spiegel to mean “‘all Lords” or ‘‘to all Lords,’’ invocations being understood. Haug says it is Vigpé ratavé, meaning ‘‘all heads’’), a collection of prayers, composed of 23 chapters according to Haug, and of 27 according to Spiegel. Then follows the younger Yagna, in 27 chapters; and then seven Gathds (hymns, songs, or odes), numbered as chapters of the Yagna from xxviii. to lv. They are the Gathas Ahunavaiti (Yac. 28 to 34); Haptanhaiti (35 to 41); Ustvaiti (42 to 45); Cpénta Mainyd (46 to 49); Vohu-Khshathra (50, 51); Vahistoisti (52); and the Airyana Ishyo (53 to 55). Then follow the CGrosh Yasht (56), and Yagna (57 to 71). Last is the Khudah Avesta, containing among other pieces, twenty Yashts (yesti, ‘worship by prayers and sacrifices’), addressed to and lauding various Deities, and containing many Aryan legends. But of all these, the Gath4s are very much the oldest. Anquetil’s translation, Dr. Haug says, may, in the Vendidad and other books, serve as a guide for ascertaining the general sense; but in the Gathds, he is utterly insufficient as a guide even for that. ‘The chief reason,” he says, “is the peculiarity of this portion as to language and ideas. They contain no description of ceremonies and observances, as the Vendidad does, nor any enumeration of the glorious feats of angels, as the Yashts do, but philosophical and abstract thoughts, and they differ widely from all other pieces contained in the Zend-Avesta. As they have been unintelligible to the Parsee priests for several thousand years, we cannot expect Anquetil to have given a faint approximate statement of their general contents.” iv ‘ We shall see hereafter that Dr. Haug has a wholly different general idea of these compositions from that of Professor Spiegel, and that the rendering of almost every verse by one is widely different from that of the other. Whether they contain philosophical and abstract thoughts, and are correctly understood by either translator, and if so, by which, we must endeavour to discover. Meanwhile, I may say here, that I am satisfied, from internal evi- dence amply furnished by the Hymns themselves, as I understand them, that Dr. Haug is correct in saying and repeating at pages 39, 115, 138 and 218 of his Essays, that ‘‘the Gathas contain the undoubted teaching of Zarathustra himself, as he imparted it to his disciples; and that the five Gathas, Ahunavaiti, Ustvaiti, Cpénta Mainyus, Vohu-Khshathrem and Vahistoistis, really, as cannot be doubted, contain the sayings and teach- ings of the great founder of the Parsee religion, Zarathustra Cpitama himself. “While the other parts,’”’ he says, are nowhere said to be'the work of Zarathustra Cpitama himself, he is, in the Crosh Yasht distinctly and expressly mentioned as the author of these ancient and sacred songs. Whereas in the other works of the Zend-Avesta, Zarathustra is spoken of in the third person, and even occasionally invoked as a divine being, in the Gathds he speaks of himself in the first person, and acts throughout as a man who is commissioned by God to perform a great task. We find him placed , among men, surrounded by his friends, Kava-Vigtagpa, Jamaspa and Frashaostra, preaching to his countrymen a new and more pure religion, exhorting them to leave idolatry and to worship the living God only. And we shall find, I think, that these Gathas are really patriotic effusions, intended to arouse and unite the Aryan population against the Infidels from the North who had invaded and conquered the country or a large part of it; and the revolted indigenous Turanians who had allied themselves with him, that Zarathustra succeeded in inspiring with courage and the fervour of religious zeal the lukewarm and disheartened of the oppressed Aryans, was himself a brave soldier and skillful leader, and not a Priest, and finally, achieving complete victory, became the King of the Mother Country and its Colonies. The Yacna Haptanhaiti, which Spiegel includes among the Gathas, as the third, is to be distinguished, Haug thinks, from the Gathas, though written in the Gatha dialect, and undoubtedly very old. There is no sufficient evidence, he thinks, to trace it to Zarathustra himself. It is not praised among the Gath4s, in Fargard «ix. of the Vendidad, and in Yagna lxx., ‘‘all five Gathas” only are spoken of. And, besides, Zarathustra not only does not speak in it, but Mazda and Zarathustra are praised in. it together. Haug points out the principal differences between the Gatha dialect and the classical Zend, and concludes that its grammatical forms evidently represent a more primitive state of the Bactrian language, nearer to its Aryan source; and that other features “indicate a more ancient stage of language in the Gatha dialect than we can discover inthe common Zend.” But the two, he thinks, ‘“‘represent one and the same language, with such changes as might be brought about within the space of one or two cen- turies’’ wherefore, he thinks the Gatha dialect to be only one hundred or at the utmost two hundred years the older. The Gathdas are metrical pieces, that were sung; and the metres used in them are of the same nature as those that are found in the Vedic hymns. There are no rhymes, and the syllables are merely counted, without much attention being paid to their quantity. Each of the five GAathdas exhibits a different metre, verses of the same metre being put together, irrespective of their contents. The first Gatha contains verses, each of which consists of 48 syllables; in the second, the metre is of 55; in the third, of 44, etc. The number of syllables is not always strictly ob- served; there being now and then, one less or one more. In the first GAatha, each verse consists of three lines, each line comprising sixteen syl- lables. In the second, there are five lines in each stanza, each of eleven syllables; in the third, four, each of eleven syllables; in the fourth, six, each of seven; and in the fifth there are various metres. The Yacgna Haptanhaiti, or ‘‘Book of Seven Chapters,” is next in antiquity to the Gathas, and appears, Dr. Haug says, “‘to be the work of one of the earliest successors. of the Prophet, called in ancient times ‘Zarathustra’ [which he insists is a dynastic or family name, like ‘Pha- raoh,’ borne by his successors as well as himself], a ‘Zarathustrétema,’ who, deviating somewhat from the high and pure monotheistic principle of Gpitama, made some concessions to the adherents of the ante-Zoroas- trian religion, by addressing prayers to other beings than Ahura Mazda.” The language in which these books are written is erroneously called “Zend.” Its proper name is Iranian. ‘‘Zand”’ or ‘‘Zend’’ was a translation or commentary on the Avesta, and in the Pehlevi translation of the Yacna, the scripture is, if mentioned, always denoted by ‘‘Avesta-Zend,” showing that the Zend was regarded by the translators as part of the scripture. “Zend”? never was a name of the people or the language. The proper name of the people, indeed, was ‘‘Arya,” as that of the people of the Pun- jaub was. It was the name of the race; and I style the two branches “Indo-Aryan” and “Trano-Aryan.”’ We dare say [Dr. Haug remarks], that Zend as well as Avesta is preserved to a certain extent, and to be found in the texts which now go by the name Zend-Avesta. .. .. The Avesta is to be found chiefly in Yagna (or Szeshne), vi 4 while all the other books represent pre-eminently (not exclusively) the proper Zend literature. The Pehlevi translators, he says, used the denominative, Avesta u Zand. The Vendidad, Haug thinks, is the joint work of the successors of Zarathustra Cpitama, the Supreme High Priests of the Iranian community. The Chief High Priest is called, in the Vispered, Zarathustré6tem6, which word literally means (tema being the superlative affix), the greatest Zarathustra. The works of these successors of the Great Leader and _ Liberator are almost equally revered with those of himself; and the Yacna Haptanhaiti is often named particularly, by itself, in the later writings, and styled “Holy,” and ‘‘Victorious’’-—meaning that it has an inherent efficacy to give victory and success. The Yashts are analogous to the Puranic literature of the Brahmins. They consist chiefly of two classes of works; 1, Songs; and 2, Conversa- tions with Ahura Mazda. They contain fragments of ancient epic poetry or ballads of the Bactrian Aryans, such are also to be found in the younger Yacna and Vendidad. In the present form, the Yashts, though contain- ing many fragments of more ancient compositions, and really ancient legends, are the most modern portions of the Zend-Avesta, and were com- posed when the religion taught by Zarathustra had greatly degenerated, partly by intermixture with the religions of the people of the countries conquered by the Aryans; partly by that natural process whereby phrases misunderstood cause the creation of mythological fables and the advent of new Deities, and partly, perhaps, by the popular demand of the Aryan common people themselves, for the restoration to their old places as Deities, of stars and other supposed potencies of nature. Thus, Mithra (the Sun), Ardvigfira, the goddess of water or rivers, Drvacpa, Rashnu, and the stars Tistrya, Vanant, Haptdiringa, etc., came to be worshipped as Deities, and are celebrated in the Yashts, as well as Ahura Mazda and his Emanations or Hypostases, the Amésha Cpéntas. Not the least trace of any adoration paid to these new Deities is found in the Gathas. Dr. Haug thinks that the Yashts had their origin from 350 to 450 years before Christ. He assigns a not much Jater date than 1200, B.C., to the Gathds, and fixes that of the much larger part of the Vendidad at 900 or 1000, B. C.; and that of the younger Yacna at about 700 to 800. But he also says that the ancient Iranian literature was, of course, the work of centuries; that the different parts of it bear the same relation, the younger ‘to the older, as the Talmud and the books of the Old Testament other than the Pentateuch do to the Pentateuch itself; that the sacred literature of the Jews, from the early times of Moses (1300 or 1500 before Christ) to vil the close of the Talmudic literature (960, A. D.), comprises a space of about 2400 years; and that, if we were to apply the same calculation to the Zarathustrian literature, its beginning would be imputed to as early a date as 2800, B. C., which would not in the least contradict the statements of the Greeks, as to the time at which Zarathustra lived. | I think that the Gathas are much older, even, than that, and perhaps older than the Rig Veda. They were certainly composed in Bactria, not very long after the Irano-Aryans crossed the Oxus and settled there, and when Bactria was the Mother Country, and it and its Colonies were under one government; when Media had not been reached by any stream of Aryan emigrations, and consequently long before the Medo-Aryan race was in existence, and longer still before that race conquered Persia and afterwards Assyria. Dr. Haug is of opinion that the number of Zarathustrian books was very considerable, and that most of them are lost. The names of all the books, with short summaries of their contents, are still extant. The whole scripture consisted of twenty-one parts, called ‘‘Nosks’’ (nagko), each one containing Avesta and Zend, i. e., the original text and a commentary on it. The names of the sections, and the number of chapters in each, with a short statement of the chief contents are still extant; and Dr. Haug gives them at page 125, according to the reports of them to be found in the Rivayats (collections of correspondence and decisions). The whole num- ber of chapters is 815. Dr. Haug remarks that thousands of Brahmins are now living, who are able to recite, parrot-like, with the greatest accuracy, even, as to accents, without any mistake, the whole of one of the Vedas [and that we must therefore admit], that the same could have been the case at those early times to which we must trace the origin of the Zarathustrian religion. As long [he remarks] as the language of the songs or prayers repeated was a living one and perfectly intel- ligible, there was no need of committing them to writing; but as soon as it had become dead, the aid of writing was required, in order to guard the sacred prayers [and songs} against corruption and mutilation. That [he says] was, in all proba- bility, the case already, a thousand years before the beginning of our era. It may be added that if the old Vedic Hymns could be preserved a thousand years, as they certainly were, without writing, by the memories of men, so could the Gathds of Zarathustra; and that either could as well be so preserved two, three or four thousand years as one thousand. That the oldest Vedic Hymns were composed several thousand years before Christ, I think there is no doubt; and I believe the Gath4s to be even older than these. Dr. Haug explains the belief of the ancient Greeks and modern Parsees in the Zarathustrian authorship of the whole Zend-Avesta, by considering the name Zarathustra (corrupted by the Greeks into ‘‘Zoroas- Vili ter’’), not as the proper name of one individual only, ‘“‘but as that of the’ Spiritual heads of the religious community of the ancient Persians in general.’”” Every High Priest, he thinks, was believed to be the successor of Zarathustra Cpitama, and to have inherited his spirit, so that his utter- ances came to be considered as sacred and divine as those that are with reason to be ascribed to the founder alone. Dr. Haug considers Gpitama to be a family name, which, he says, is given to the Hechataspas also [Yagna xlvi. (xlv. Spiegel) 15] who seem, therefore, to have been his nearest relations. His father’s name was, according to the younger Yacna and Vendidad, Péurushacpa; and his daughter is mentioned, while her name is Pouruchicta, by the two names [Yac. litt. (lz., Spiegel) 3], Héchatagpana Cpitami, which can be inter- preted only as “belonging to the Cpitama family of the Héchatagpa line- age.”’ But Spiegel everywhere renders Cpitama as the adjective ‘‘Holy”; and I do not find any other Zarathustra anywhere spoken of in the Avesta- Zend than the original Bactrian Hero and Liberator, the original Teacher of the Ahurian faith. The word is, in fact, an adjective, in the superlative degree, and means ‘‘most noble.” eh ee sionnioed seorkied adivily bus beans

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Mithra..s:«.< haves Sa aUee Set ee are setae ne ene cress fe eee eo ee 436-447 Mithra-and ‘Mita, aaintais asters bs Re Se ee ee ISU eee eee a: 439 Mithra—Gontractuenet: Peer n nee cone sd a cate ded Ee ee ee 436 Mithrashrst Hleawenly, Yazata.. «s.0acnceed 60a beat Oo oa eke 6 oben OAR ee 443 MithrassreatestiofisVazatasiandtfirst:created:.-..0e) tiene ee ee eee 458 Mithra—=Mittasmeies ate is seemed s ORRIN enn 0 nk eens eee ee eee 614 MithraxnotmtheSunig sas eeteenacoaas Moe cane ae hase See ee 442 Mithrastheisunmepy avin: SHR Aas ce oh ao hans sasaki ane ee 263, 436 Mithrasstheswondttescs 0a sgt race ana BERS SA NA Ae A ee ee ee oan aoe ee eee 445-447 Mitrasanaloguesiof «ane ee Ree cRes LG eA ERR ESR Ee ee ee ee Introduction vi Mitra and Varuna were morning and evening stars before the Vedas were composed.. 614 MitrasinethenViedas summare LANSREE Fh eck sn corte d as ioe Ma Ot See ee eee 447 Mitra mevered-beforesMithrasiaee= 355.3 2.0500 ane Aad vee a oe eee 614 Mitzraimpsonvofellam..44 ¢259455555 52,5 Sasa oan if NSS > ha a eee eee 36 Miobeds> thexfc hha: seSen TRUSIONS SPA DUE e os ER Be en ee 1 Mohantbal, travels of hhe AnhaGs § ABD he: ae na oe ob 2 Hoe ee eee 542 Mongols-—Leutono:Scythians Casati 4aees Sas Sunt Ans aoe See eee 73 Monotheismand Polytheisnexs 1,:'s2e 5s Se ee ee eee ene 128 MonotheismiofsRock-Inseriptionst.s saa 1683 See o ee See ee ee eae 214 Moon ‘andySunsthe..: +03 s.009055 000000. SA PRE LOE SOS 8 5 oe en eee 2 474-478 Moonsandithe Archangel) Tsaphael....% (Ge! Stee ee Ee eee an 162 Morals, theosophy, religion and philosophy, ours are Aryan not Semitic............ 421 Moses and*theal en'Comniandments tos Pith OF BIEN ge es. | OMe meee 245 Mountainsiabout-AmyanadnVaejowens sos iia te et ee ee. eens 539 MountainsvofthezAryanslaivdtimiee is Awe: eens so ee 2 539-540 Mouru-—Margush, Men sMargianarsc2s250 2 o-nenee a 0) Ce 2 ee ee MuineDr.convAnyantcradleslandt ean: kar “RRs << 325 see eee Us Muir, -Dzr--ontZend-and Sanskrit languages: :::.2242:tn eee ee oe eee ee 91-93 MuiteDrs-Sanskritetexts (ee Sere hee. sc2 oi Pee ees oe ee 74 Muller Max, oncAryanslanguagess 2 4253 abate DI ee 78-83 Miiller, Max, on Haug’s translations of Zend-Avesta.............0c0ccseeeceeeeee 12 Miller, Max, on innumerable dialects of Proto-Aryan languages................... 63 Muller, Max; on primitive languages. ..+.....52.482%2.5208 oon ee 86-88 Miiller;, Max; on- Sanskrit... cass c.c.,0000. eet hee eb LS tt bt TRESS aS teh es tbet ia 60 Miiller, Max, on the word Zend-Avesta.............. Suet baths Se 11-12 Muller, Max, on the Zend Janguage..~....3...5.426555 5; UIU2WC >, ens Ons ae 5-6 Miilfer;Max, on Zend scholarship: + s.3..4..4442502744.44.0¢0440 0 en ee 12-13 Nacus,:the Word .ee:e:s:0:00 15's o's"s's e's» ele 'oe's PST AH 2s Rie RA Meer Na RMA DC ioe cad 455 INDEX Iv NeiiyOcanna, the Word 7c... se ce ne os re eM oh ee oe tee 472-473 Neomuaithi, antagonist of Cpénta Armaiti:::::.:¢2 2 enemies: 6. ON tie 117 oOUMareuiriie WOLd ce) tes reeks? iit ol) eee ee 176 Noravena, tne irsrliving being. samo we... .. 3s. eee |. 337 NWasdtyar the wOrde s,s tent tem eee eS ee | ONT 613 Wacure, but Deity im action andexpressions.: 22) /.::... 22. eee 47 Nacure, Creative power without lint’... 522203 .2 h2 ibs fill .s ee 66 Savemon the wWateraameemagye::.... 25. 225.1 SRT STS eee ee 472 Navel of the waters, source of the mountain streanis...............000cceeeeeeee. 561 Navel’of the waters wtnerduimosphere.:..:.:::i2c)))s5252) ss See 472 INCmanan(Nimamna) *theswonrdcmera: ti fcc6:0..:.2, 5) Sie es Oe 375 Neryosenam- worl: oneZendulanguage Ofse.. 2.00. -.. 2,022 PO On) 00 See 4 INCSUCACCHEEE . | eee eS Teeth ssc 2. Ue O83 OF BRE 81 Neva CNatzaikh ) Seen ChE cet cea ll a 20) OF SS 365-368 eNewsCratyits: oi Donaidsonts::..525i8s2ic2diazamee fet... 20) OF Se ee 65 MicLALE eee eee re tA TD SSS ELIS Lee RRR Dire oe) Oy ee 71 iste t ents Reser rr te rhea tere ckisgnaaga sameness: SEEN? Oh Te ee 554 INInanya eae ee oe eee re meee SUOTL (IEBes OEE MEIN RIOT 204 1a ee oa) 264 Nomina isiiivarnc MREalISI sc cece herrea ol sich oh tela stat dictated Wabinat arene ee tabat oatetelo ccrchel stars 163, 164 INOrseNANgUaCG, thee str res ht ete Tete reel aha eri hae Phi a esses s Se s.. SNE e 81 Oonnapeass 10 O00 tt elevation wei.) oe, PE Se SOU TOY FI 544 Qa OTI VAD erat caret srerhercts ct atstetetene « atercre nel aeca era ehalarah erate latetelcnoy Cy a | NE IS Fe 486 Oru cl Farr che NENT PAN eae carson! soho tateda we eels ea 'a te elelals wrote re terete se Introduction i GSCMMIa IAPC MAC EIOL eh eet co ac ole Behe a Me wha wl eteabel eval et atehat lat ecolsle oh Dy Rem ete Aas 85 @ssevest(@s)ertive vaCe ater sat cadet Meeede Shae Me Raee ede reeisesee oe ne nt eee 79 @ssctianmlanciagern nm mats ete es shag ke SPR aSE ES Teese state ee eRe 84 Over-population the cause of Yima’s emigration.................00 eee eee eee eee 568 @xusiplains veologicalappearance of. ss.s chiens cbistessanetiaest 24 Sees 546 OxUuSsplatn MIChiSAMOM Ole se he cee ete eee tea eae Ste oe eee ot ae 546 Oxtisipiains st2O00rsquinites! im extent-.:6 4:55 .2:85522 4: SSR PUP SRSROII EE, & Sits 546 Oxustviver--Amoo—Jiboomet.¢22 1 5tiic:$hiacahete get etazsase eo Re 540, 541 Oxustiver=—amid’ DWarias+s ester ss i oh leddeede Seecicsseeacdatst Tee Ae 548 @xusriver—Ardvicura:t. 252. feee es. is tebe sh keh ea aeestsabantssarcs ged Ans 471 Oxusivers chance of level’ohes : tants insert et eee tess t stb st test isss Me 77 Oxusiriver, lengthit+300-miles* (estimated): 12: set shoes cect b sinc peace eet eee: 544 Oxus rivers Sizerand* CUrLEMUSIOL ntrie «ist et St eee DOES 9 LO BRE TS GEE st 545 @xisiriver, soite tributaries Of /4 oh .> (1... wm. Tors yest Toe ee Bee eee | 549 OmUISthIVETs SOULCESNOME NTL Se ete. v0 Weare ties tae Behe AE OO ee ees 541 Osuismivers Very CaNUeriVven: | Whee sts kobe te tee one ets Ta netrn st lca ee ee 544 OxictrivenmwiGthrOterme es. Poem Ue eRe mee aes 24 oc oe ee ae 545 RATE Kae ees ome eee TORE RES Sa kee cee taste sete es oe ME dO at ee! 305 NPAT MCAS Ae hee Fie ne I Te oe HRS PMT REN ct ar Tae eee. es SES Ne BRINE 268 Paleontology shows that creation has been continuous...............20.2-2-..000) 47 Pal NT PRONE Ss qdiced wats eae hcelcn jo omecs Utica did lc (oo cia ainsi AR Ra eee teiac-et §29 Painerectimate Of 22 sae Vote tt so ie Sake sees a haashe ciaaa nia far eee POMS 549 \Pelaatyn, 12) EN aY (6) eterna ee teaRecn ache EID pcp 26 GERCRERERDER eb ion Lobo. sO. gcclos neue uORN tach ice yea A aa 549 Paouruchicta, daughter of Zarathustra. +... ..cac assets ae ete Mame ee. eee 238 fn. PEPA CHSC reer ete ess te Note Ts TRU e's a "a te late noel te omaha AOS Che RT OE Ee eee ats 8 23272233 Paricisemttre best place: - nes meme. o) Satan ate Seemann. Pe cer ete ee ss we ae aie nae 278 ivi " _ INDEX PAcendic. (GCS 2 oo. wt dle MBB te CUS ae eee one 5 este 2 DS yy AOD RArendipthemvOnGemeey, ... .. 6 s+ cies weenie tame pe reds) tin EP TEE ee 432 Ph Cdk sW copay. 5 oe CeO ec. sae cui ante ome ab ae eae 347 Pon vOdarS—Keageeat aC... .. . - - + sit/nararQenermieen ala so Nie’ =) an auetepeieneseert pee 326, 413-414 Pasopaimisagemeee......... +. GRTAR@ ML... ..'s Mucosa: © oy ae eee 540 Paropatmictemylotin tains....)ie) Ai-teercl-t--- > > - parspeeane eae a ea ee 480, 540 Rarsees@eaaritices Of (2... es.0 00g nme veo dc 0 yet aa oe nn cece area Introduction ii Patiiceeni horassan «0 lta hRWe BSG ah. ghee 167 paul St., epistle tothe: Corinthians. precy. i- ee ay orercit- fcc pee ee 166, 169 Paul) St., epistleyto, thew phesiancneacprsers ets acs ete aisles ne sce ee 167 PaulsStsepistlettosthesWebrews memebers oat cleans Ah cae camer 151-152, 165, 167, 170 Paul) -Stepistletto thesRomans 5 5 .:a5 eusigo os us peeeheleaecs - 0 de tee ee 170 PaulzStxoniGodFandyGhnisty .. ... ceee..2 4.5 2 hohe dee dseuasie aad ee eee ee eee ee 83 Rersianteverence torr vers an 6. sccatdcn se ciec ae ete ooo a ce ee a Introduction ii Bersiansia” heterogeneousipeopless.: ..s2..7.25 eee aaa gee ee OO erin dia. 43 Persians atralisi Gtx, sieves casts sic oar ais G6 eS we OO ee ae 330 IRERSIATISHSACHILICES TOLMAN: MORES I Rs. ons cc 1s cect Meer ape Ae a Introduction and ili Pessiancshthen aay. ohms aid gibi. Jae eye Es cee oc, cea 58 PeShOxtalrl US ee, ATS eR b foie toss ea tes ante scare cae arenes fs eit a eee 320 Philistines? they. Aves eh Pee sai sca e's scat na RRS a tsa eee 55 Pinlowdoctrines of "eame irom Zend-Avesta.. ..1..0. eno. steels oe ke ee 116 Bhilovand=|ohnuon: thesBocosn wees... os aca oe. 6 On eS oe eee 361 Philoand the Gospel’omiohnee 2... o:s 3 pas eee 1 ee On Ae 404 Bhilo,ongthesoulies aie: Fes Rie ae Ro 8 a Sc ee Soe 172 Railononst hewVWVord beets ae rae Wisse cold 92d 20s brs 3c Reno Re oss +s eee 167-168 Philosthe:GoditofiwaseANhurayMiazday: is.5 va. a bee oe eioe se ee 162 Bhtlosophiy, fours iseanyanie eave EWS th) 2 tis eee: 9 ce cee ee 421 Pheenicians, Assyrians, Ninevites and Israelites, all Semites...................... 36 hry cian language: eer sae alee arson ey LAS bys) ea oes ae ae 70 EMU PIAL T ACO Het SRAM ons cls aici cieis cratic) RE OS ba ee 79 Baireyora ns)! hie eh ihc tee ager Ree RUN oan Uk UR. So cc Se 56 Physician wl hrita thevirst mess wes 64 255 soe ees ss se ee 334, 581 Bhysieiansiand surgeons itestsiofe.. «yc o.0clco peter phan dample Reseed thoes eee 323 Falsead seresyess and the Avesta .,...i% 5 .:\ cose: so 4 sso eee 290 Pimander and Thoth, dialogue between on ideas of God... ...... 0.000 cc cceeeceees 245 INDEX lvii Plant juices used ceremonially by American Indians.................0 000 c0eceeee 310 Pond ocinines.or cameron) Zend-Avectas v4. eee ena Li ths = fc arleseonsy. ee 116 Pilato, the Wogos of, was, Vohi-Man6. 7... ..: 30RD... ocmoreeleeeepell 162 Platoyphilosophy.of, was Zoroastriany............ i>. Wie ORRIN ols... '. onarby 70 Pleiades and Hyades in Taurus, opened the Spring 2500 B. C..................... 483 teh CO AGS Cae 487 Permdes—“Raig, Stare! Ui Ws F once cee ceedearencs cee 486 ISON AUME SAC oo es, i ll 81 Rolytheisnivancientmerortmation of... 02. ccc oeaengesuen vanes a ss) sOeEReioes 309 ROME ISHpAnCEMmOnO eeISMMN EL. OS... cea eam ae deemed acc oe ee: 128 Péurushagpa, fourth legendary_preparer of Haéma......<.heshie. see dean sue cee: 585 PRESSE Co. a4 nil aah Sil navera Manthrakandueraosha the: soulioks.....0....0 «eee A! em «deh opeoeeet 289 ica eI POLENC YA OL Mil CHeMaDAla a. c isleu soc.r ays cao ecrys ean esse «cee aie 3 Livers povencyrol uni thesZend-Avesta is 5 oon. cue sow owe caeK EIS eo. caeeet 371 Puayertne ereatmelanceotZarathustrangserih . 1 - PSHE ERTIES Net URL OT EEN te AMRtI ato eee, 51 Racesandscreeds deneticrate . ... +. 45 ss5.t5 + Amma MEE DEE gle AE Ee Ae 100 Racésdisappeat and new races appeae sc s.sisns Mey A006 UOTE IN ee eet 461 Raphael, the archangel—-Mercury « «.«...AIRas ae Waeret, 28/02), Ge eee 162 Rapithwan prayer period .sisé kis sascssmaseee msc eas se hess oes eee s ee 193 Rashnu.: «:see doe eee eRe et aniniotie hain cia OL. 02.1! 69. Ge Pep aces 417-421 Rashnu,, the:-words, she Hehe en 2aNeO. bo foliated! asil..(e Dia aa See 419 Rask’s woreoinl Zomd Mla neta gee -..-6 suse Settle ae aed wo RN 44 Religioustaith; noneis:stationary oa A) ROR RGU ares. 364-370 Sephiroth, sthesten,, and numbersiat © fice Eta, Gti! Joins. bai ee ee 367 Serbian racentle Pe Fees GR oe ccd wow cd ath BOE, Beye hes Jondeaheaas 1 eee $1 Serosh,.guide-of-the/soulvatter death... 2... neues orc e sa onttlt, HI. ee ee Serpentthe—Anra=Mainyusiiciys. osu cueu tee ek ee cei 54 eee Re ee 337 Sevenearthssseas, Heavens and climates... 22. .5)....-.0. Je I ee 372 Seven pRishis sever: Sages:..c. 2c. 2a+ + -sc ot ONL. Se eee oe eee 462 SHA tin Aitialis see pie craih ocieceis Savas dics bake eeacenae anette teagan Orr) trier 311 Shahrevar—Khshathra-Vairya.............. quaiih, ba atielee. heey) eee 392 Sigmilanguages,). ccc. uk dover ose’. digest seme ed - We MeL BOER, eae Pee eee eee 87 Siow tua a— Med eS such wets pie eyo eye o atmie a Sin oe oe swe mek oye pine eon, DATA, o LOG, ARN SECECHG NS ECP 68-69 Sikkim pass—the;Chinwvat; Bridge! act. are nese eUClL) Met tts, 407 te ae eee 540 Sikkimupass; 8,000.it. elevations 2a) Ress). wine y aia ORAL ed ee ee 544 Sinleolwlakexé. ot: Jengataher nas «ac. cnc Beer pints Dao’ Dis. tee. 541, 544 Sirikol lake,o15;600ttjelevations wis. ccce ee pene paers (agilic.ens Jenene. eerie 544 Sirikolulake, location) ofvladt bales. sacliw kt « dacow cnn « oP RULE. SOS eee 549 SiHIUSH ISH Aas atenceicicaayn ose .ccrmana nei Roe an aeo caae oh e, 1 O , Se 333 Sirozah; the wieigedents Goudie 4% Scere EERE AUR Ss ame PE ety Oe ee 350 Skipetarianilanglace, «.. ace cc nes eee oe MA RnR RS SRR ae: Ieee 79 ¢ Slovak race »). 10) sila a sree teivw bibs ws sas BRtss oe Woe ey nie RRND 22 g1 | Soediananl., Baad erick Raresetsaayanteesoouaels da ste th Agee ote sei ee eS 58, 548, 549 Sogdiana; mows Loorkhistames, nig spice «x, 6, eee. 391 SA Re ee ee ia ee a ck hacen. < eee 250 NGS CA, a ae | 554 Urva not the Fravashi nor the spirit, but only the vital principle or animal soul.... 224 Miatar- Nao ntheywotd cc. 3.4 Silene «© « cuskeecatdowsS: of fee EMME cc +) os de 576 NEES eo 7S, ee en na errcre am 275-276 US ee ae a 473-474 ee RA MO eve aces oO) OGRE teas 193, 473 Wisiloniaereciits Vici. os ne Creer res | re 474 WEMCaene. , ST. 2 ON = ee nce 264 Oia) Sa Fo ee eC Scare Shan syara’s arephte Yee deyenmagnaie ach Ree 345 Tee alee Hail Hest lappiness RS Sieisia ss Yay Hongo ee Kenn SISO9 Wistewencaeares onlon, | Boe ot RS Gc ee oe eer nT 180 Bea ei Na PE tVCr PONOU ecco soo: + +. gakel lima hed eo nh tare coh: th bein 193 NCI ag Omi OT CMP ccc. ca eicie sapieuaiehs otve- wut dunes oe Eee Be Wettautectne OOOO OE ide Meret an = SeFCStaMen es coil cs os Sei hyadiciccs wigs ORM es oe GOL Desi eee ee 554 Nalicvamunersuperlativero! VONUisuedces ons eo oe cube oR) Hada. sated Ise 169 Wialnis ta we MeCmW OL Cen ye cue ociais act p dled ts we's § we ow 24 ROS SOS etetoeds 3 110, 390-391 Vaidic and Ahurian faiths formed after the separation of the Aryans............ 588-589 Vaidic and Ahurian faiths sprang from an older faith........... 00.0000 ce seed eee 590 Vaidic and Ahurian faiths unknown to descendants of the Proto-Aryan migration.... 590 NoidiesD cvastandeZendicwMaevasa: . 6.0. soe ag 2s iis oe as ons komen Geprind a othe e 613-614 Nia igy APRIL CRW ONG Ee E eet teh we a en aan Maeda aks tebe |, eee eoee aes 395 NOT Pe Aa ar sate raa oa. o Seles olden a aereneces .taych wmubovert ont tian ite gene 485-486 Nenionit——- Oona: gee ew SUE wc San cela 4 ceva & oe a 4 a ee ee 486 WErsler eet CE WOR er ee wet ot ee Me es «Ce Ska ids de eS x pe det aetenals cen tape 485 NEI eT EN a NCNS i EAR) iad, Re NMR ee 8 a a anig hee, vo ansdleoalthy nae a watond eee coy UO 485 A E20 an = es Serra ee am eh ena oa dy. eos wg Soe BMG GME Sea Sige ER WONG 253 Nine iar set ar NU cgi see op gis begs be daunal deeds peo ee So8) Noenagwitheoe fourcormersz +++ se eee ee 261 WVedierevas became evil spirits, and ‘why... 2s «hee «etre en ee 7 Wediewyimns composed 4000-to 5000:B: Cz 22: ss tee memeaee =. eee errr ‘lief Weaierny mns composed SQ00'B? Ce zs: Ss en cin RrmenMPIn Gas: © 55,0. 2's 2 ane MEMS a eaten Sie Vedic hymns poetical form of old: Bactriam language:++....-.....+2. ee eee 33 Wedic language is:stereotyped ‘Bactrians..++. 504 2..2.-%>%-252->55 Use: oes 33 Vedic religion is a remnant of the Proto-Aryan.............. 4 Shae 2, Sele 27 Vedic religion; development of sn: 350245202 Sree ee ee, ee 28 Vendidad; the vex kee sake coc ste oe decades Introduction iv, vii and 311, 550-557 Vendidad, the, does not treat of Iranian deities..........0... 00070. (eee. ee 41 Vendidad® tirstianeard ot geograpiicalls, 2.2.6), a2 a2 seiatieed eis: eset ieee eee 550 VendidedMeecgraphivy Ofs cc i: mnlnn x manner iene hn pmo nee eee eee oe 15-16 Vendidadenistoricalilesends ins cn nc ce csr Han ae ae ene Bee eee ERI R IIS. Be 584-598 Vendidad ater-than the. Gathas. 26.46.44 200%%41m 0 octane eet OULTET Tones ERE eta 38 Vendidad@notidoctrinal nor religious... sats. 0ena1eas5s150¢ nh sees os eee meee 40-41 Vendidad’ Sade, published'3~..942 10 QOHG1SI98 GET 29318 POM IGEN RS GR EeS Ae oe 4 Venus—Archangel: Hamaliel .. ..4.-.-230G4 39016 BS. GOR RE AIGe ge ike) BLS ee oe 162 Venus—Arstatst? Ja 2 AU IOI, O00 1d, anaes OF ARORA: GG TB SEs ae 420 WETCUNTAGNG 6 is i agisanleaa.e 4005S es 4. SAMA TEE De ce ek: ER Aen rr 523-528 Verethragna, the “‘Carnier of Light”! ...3 os ce uns sas Ceslyen ton ses oe ee ee oe ee O Véréthragna—Warlike heroism that wounds and kills.(.........:.202.:.:s22+---5 528 Verethragna sthe Word ans Se anit an 989 A 2 aA > Ree ol TN oh 523, 527-528 Wernal*Equinox,-Stars-Of.ia.s.s's5¢4s08 3 43 shoe beens 00 eid ee es ee 438 EY D1S) ON Cog te toring ate eae ern Na ta (OME. on recs ooo ao «Cee 264 NSC OCUS ENO St Sic dee sd cs ees 4s SELLS MESES 4 5, 1a co 292 WHS DEKE CENCE? ck fa rie ait cinihoe 2 > actenin. ce earns eheysies cae cree Introduction iv and 340-346 Vispered, comparative age of......... Perera) reper ee i a Me ‘497340 Vispered: sacrificial ceremonies iMea<. sic: nerttek tee res koe tee ee 2 ee 340-346 Mispered}-Spievel’seditionsot; 1859: ..asc14 5.000 eases 1528 = see 2 2 a 5 Vistacpa’.. 7) nc Mereimom 2 Amie 40 Oo ede aeplo Abe pi eee OF 109, 209, 236 Vistacparconverted by Zarathustra... a onnnank ates: 1050 See =< skeen 606 WVAStaCpa—-ELy Stas peasy... lei os 4 fern sip aceee ts dot eine Oe. 2, ore AERIS So 2 600 WVistacpa, lieutenant-of Zarathustna...:..>:;«:+;.:s5--hoeee eee. DUR SDaW Aas 123 Vistale pay wie\Ote cates or2 < bacuae a0.r hs 2) nla, 4-22) A agA GRR 48 ARR 2 35 6 OMERMOIIOE Ce Cer fc rm Oro gs 2805 cc an ai 577-580 Yama first of mortals to discover Paradise... ....... 0.00205 eet ce eee 580 Wama, son of Vivasyat...q.0.-i.c20-.csnsnseden GER oF Pudaeatensys félsess ed eae 579 ee NAV AS VA a TEU, tel hein, oLaep cep meas} os SRRMMRAP og - BPMsH peep «s°6, 6, «'o\7) SysEEST ND 579 Ixvi INDEX MCh E NACI a. ea a ee) | A ROSAS ee Sh cea, 565 Washt, therworcieepmeen. oo... . A UPLISSUTD AU, rege Bee Te 0a eet ee 347 WASHtGREE FSU... cece, cota SRE en cree Introduction iv and 347-349 Vashtspagero melange... sc a ees Re ETS ts Ane Introduction vii and 510 hVashtemde@ierestet’ . {:. ) is saMheS Se oe eee ee NE OIOS, Sky Introduction vii Yashtewgreatavalue of. inn enn tobe ele’ ils EERO MAIREE ce hee oteuetene le tale aa 348 Vashtewvarious, teachingstoft. 00... vee es 12 > RGR . eee, eee eee 606-610 VWathowaha Vairyd... .. deed lt Jotaindad, loaned ee 0 ee, 340 Wathawxha Vairyo (n-Latin letters) 2. =: <>. Se. te eee ee 117 IYGAIETESS oo. ce a cn a OR RE Fs Sci tere fetes tc ea tale Sete eI ce rete a rr 268 Wavaniand Saceés.4 568 P 2.244.458" Re eee oe OU OR 73 Wazata, the words. 2 Use 029%. PY wee BU EE 2 435, 43¢ Wazatas. 2054.5 a Re iitra ee eee ee LO Lis, 2 eee 433-43 Vazatas—AdorableiOnes es Meccan ison e JOR, SU 3/2 Years reckoned ‘by winters wcrc. ccccicce etc ise ntaters ates oe gees anetete es oat 35 Yehuah-AlhurasMlazda tt of. cc dela tsi mie oe ee er 162 ViedsOd Sas shear enc. 5 APE R ce nt carn sae ee ee ee 365, 368 SVETAT Ac ep ROMER eee Cos rare tana Sahn tes Fifetete te 1 tetas Untold Mate teteiteme Wile doreltene ie tee rr 76 Yama; benetactor-and-ruler, notapostle, :..s.00:20¢s42502% 52 atc eee Daag 566 Yimia=—Vaiialwees celia revetsassayeteeeete rey set eee Pee er 6; 7, 565 Vimarand=*Yama, both reals. 620 eos..n cn ena ena Ges be 579 Yima ‘and *Vama,) identity Of... d.000.05 00550 e Gee ee oe 580 Yama, final settlement Ofs vrei. cnn ten i es ate ete ae ee eee 563 Yima-had 300 countries for-300 years. ........... 1). ARPES ee 28 oe ee 567 Yima—Jemshid—Jemscheed...........0.0....0 0000" ee LA PE: 565 Yima not the first apostle or evangelist of the Ahurian, epee tai SUG re, 574 NWima, place of settlement-ofi)... 4... .058 40. : Qe eee 2S, Se ae 108 Y imal, FOUtE OFS, Pie occas dates wiv es oe ge rer aE ce eeaeeeaeaee 563 Wima, ruler of Airyanals «+ 4-0.< 0st. 5s sc 3 a eC ee 2 ee 31 Vima, ruler over the. Karéshvares ..:.:.-.:-:.-. eee ee RN: Leen ee! ie 538 Waimea, son of Vivatthaor sac... 0 0 v.12 ee es Os OE 146, 565-580, 576 Yima succeeded by Thraéta6na............5 Foner keee 02 J 0S, Dereeearea ren °c Aaa 578 ima teachings of -.4.0. 00. nl ee eS). ois 2 eee.) ST 146 Mims backslidingsi:.:2.1.-. <:.-.+ 5.2 5 facts eee < +x 576 Yima’s emigration not caused or followed by war between Irano- and Indo-Aryans.. 576 Yima's emigration not due tosehism or persecution... ..-.-.0.00 eo. 576 Yima’s father; Vivanhdopinad! woreipped Ahura... ... 0.50. cceeee cece ccc cs essuen 605 Yima’s loss of supremacy (Govereignty)\.7 00.0802 oe. ak I ee 578 Yima's offering’ to JAaame Wanmeemn. 2PM 258.05. 2 SORIROS 2a. Neb aol.. /Neaielgall ae 578 Yima’s' offering (@uAenvaQ@eGh-MAWME’ «Wises 2 SIO. ( See th at 577 Y iitla ‘sO flerin gateien wena MN. eae ect et es ci eidagesescedaveseen Mo ame $77 Dgtrcryic | rc Sil Vimal’s rege Wasim sy. fs .yc.he cue saane a eee, SBD oid aablo 9gaudy Ber 578 Yod-H ei WenlCeatG screens heme, Site, olla stow beath bon Oe 352 \ LANCOME: 8 NUR oc Se ote 4 OR, Od RR ae 178 Lairica, time mapmmmmmrce’’ Of RimEr St Ae oc ceccciescaceneteberseeo-st tds dela et, GR 117 LASCICA, AAMC WAIN 35 oP ME. PLAS ree EL Ooi, FY Bieter to teal 176 Jamyade Vashts historical lefends ins, os. ease oe cote one RE LD Be 599 ZEN GN ins ed CE, OM St Ce, «oR ES) a Tk 264 \ \ INDEX Ixvii Peet ruine monde’: S2PY Pe, de aa Oo LA oot 493 Bava tuespriestmand, Chick (OELOSty i... cape o cr-e-e+ vs cox 1 0 ME. kes OLE 151, 264, 340 LGU ae Se a re |. | er ee 264 ROBIN CONSEGEATTON Ofc. c0s.21¢ oe See Rikek hose sobs Cmte aa oe oe a 340 merakach the Nrchangel-—the Sumiigd. ceed nnn s- cscs eseetannot be placed later than 3000 B. C., nor earlier than 4000 B. C...... 33 Pmatiiethaxomparative petiod of... fiat. dew) Jailed! ore amiaivno.wakiew! 552 Zarathustra co-verts Vistacpa inderetatcce << OE INS, LITE ATO Roe Ane A TR 606 Pee MnO Me ee Gis). a aden hon vcuimeddnacen s GRUB etey ly 122 2 etka pian,” the word tices) lexnquyes gainer dell, bu satmioul. dene) 174 Zarathustra did not each that Ahura created Anra-Mainyus................0..... DNS re ea elIeSh SOUT racninissn.+ 02 2 WINNS 08. JOULE onal zadeb maggie | 298 @ War mistra, enCOUraged ko rICWILUKEs oc... edie ee en enn eae awn no PERO. QMS 606 Be Cauieera exhorts Pmewtp lo sycee i apecinsicseiuarcncems ava oo COGE UI 199-202 Zaratbustra first conceived 6 the Infinite Light-Principle as pure Intellect.......... 162 ime Ame oR, ESC ICASCIOIG!OL OP fese wacrcos dive oes ed URI OL oR 604 Zuo iret recited the Alba Vairya.......... 00 dell. io J aa eesiage us 587 Zacathusera first taught the Ahuriaxreligion alive sol" oe. 6. obi Oo eae 603 Zarathustra first worshipper of AméshsCpéntas.....0).00. ) 00. Ob oe De 606 Zea LNUS CMM eALIVESSION Mey se eeec “ae SRM akan «jo Mg LAU OTC ELSE AT 6 Eid 607 Carat igistna wiainitat Olen. . eee. coekee ed ee. en TE ety TOP ALBUS Ps ee 509 Zarathustra’ hears, but cannot see, Ahura!Mazda >a. leciailend bec ole soeiawaeauld 350 Zavachustra, hispnedecessorsand home... nisin pestovens ni hy foes ks aL A 603 Zarathustra king of the whole Irano-Aryan country.... 8.00.0... 0000 c eee eee eee 606 LaraeMmustia ites PUB OSEION URE: RONMEE = .0s wu, » HORM AAU SKS Oy wed See Gey Te 204 Zarathustra, like other reformers, claimed to be inspired.............3..... etsy te 125 AAAGINISE TAS eI SSI OM SO Lesvos -p Ae hk: ERE ED, EC, Seer Seka MRT | PP Pet 123, 138 Zarathustra not the first apostle or evangelist of the Ahurian faitm............... 574 Zararmustroke Raguruchicta.daugintern of; watebasr OAM Lesh eee inet Lema etme fg kU 238 Zarachustiamiperiodtor nae. siaeiars «voter Lets Le See SRR ee lee a 33-34 Zarathustra prayed for Aryan sovereignty, and its results....... Br casas S/ fH oe 157-158 Hoxotnustta preached nomewatsithy...... ....annalee Hud. Ley oe a a ae 605 Zarathustra, Priest, Prophet, General and King. ........... AE RIOD SAE BOE ei 123 Zatraunusua, real existence on@denied...-:. «sa aodtece iat ae BULA. A Te ss 45 ZaAraemustrayreiesion AnurawlVWaZday. «.-.¢theiae Perens: ouldeaes. «fete Alana CJeegers RG 124 A NCAINIS UIA Mee ISLOTRO Lan yiniy fatten. eee woh 2 RR SRE «ea Renee... RES 353 Zarathustra, religion of developed from Fire Worship to theAhurian............... 7 Ixviii INDEX ZatachustravoolienGeneral, King <1 24s) aaeieri sete eile yamine te Ice 204 Latathiistratsom ot POurushagparecs. icc. sce obs: coa ses Pgppevecie Ne Le NOLILLS: Sele oleae ae aa 585 Zarathustra atnethree.sOns Of 3... 3) scence yee kee eke lean ee ieee 448 Zatathustramuneology Of. oi s26.Reusccs ane cise |. Nye @ oie ee eles RRR lara 111 Watathustramyouth Of s0,. 86. be ccgee ii) cee ee ea + te > wslttehe al MgB ee eras eee 563 Zarathustra’s apostolate was in Bactria................+. EY id «ails se 63 Zarathustra’s creed a:religiousene............60) a0) 2a. oe. Dee neelee neem 352 Zatathustra’s devotion to: his country and to, Abura.. 229) -.g)) 5-1 ee 154 Zarachustra’s hynms,tpurposevol.......-..2 . 0 <-> aeet eee: - 2 - - ieee enema eet tr 138-139 Zarathustra’s idea of Abu ra a acco, 0 sm cieinpnous 55) RE fs 12 O18) 1 164 Hapathustra’s inaugural speech...) . 2:2 .facaseee eee. +s ++ oie Ae er 12: eHatathustra!s: MISSION... .)., aos0c050946 HERE dono). 12 enone eee: ee 7; WQS, 82 Zarathustra’s temptation 5.0m sie caries eee een a0. 4.207 oe ee 605, 66 Zarathustra/stwiferand daughters... .s0hieied. 2a listys.ones! Of. Aenea. ae «0 Zarathustrianibooksy 8 Sichaptersiof 0. 2.40.44: aa das 2211s ee Introductionviil Zarathustrian conceptions of the Bible..........mtsncledsean .Ueteb sass een 621 623 Zarathustrian ideas and teaching of the Church Fathers on the Trinity......... 62-623 Zatathustrian. “Purity, ccac bias «wae Saw whou wig die ein w casase oo « ME . . 384 Zarathustrian religion, antiquity Of... ... 2666 ee eee wn tt aed). 0 rr 99 Zarathustrianiteligionotigini Ofsr.xus. >...) .A.W00L Anne tafe). baer eee 611-624 Zarathustrian requisites were “Belief” and “Faith”... tc 52235:.geenemeneee eee 385 Zaxathustrian Lrinity—Thought, Word and Deed. ......... Sagjaieee ese eee eee 116 Yarathustrianism adopted . .. 0.206 ce. % «ne «enue owe ode el ee ee 259 Zarathustrianism and Brahmanism compared—Burnouf...........4+-----+-+++-+ 100 Zarathustrianismiand.the Epistles, i/snwth. 2aico15-peee ee eee oe 384-386 Zarathustrianism dates irom 4000 to 5000 Ba. . (j,i. e--- eee oe eee 32 Jovathustrianismudenneds....\. ae os .eeeeeee es bead iis Page i260 23>. 421 Zarathustfianism,. Deity. of... ded. .«e «sme nee. ae 2 ee 421 Zarathustrianismdid:not:produceischismi.4) 4c) Saha) GR OG Jae oe 33 Zarathustrianism—Monotheism............8peb anes a soy eM? -Oc)L0e!

+ ns caweesh? ge 99 Hele AV CSLA? AM ATIUG OTTO ESOL feo sia, ecurscs eam u pie sisie cs idee avle< Toto listo tineed dagee) eee 1 Zend-Avesta mentions no Vedic deity except Indra.............0000 0c eee e ee eeee 62 Zend-Avesta; no idolatry or astrolatry im... doe. EE? Pe, eee RR Oe 354 Zendeavesta oldest existine manuschipts Oft.. + te eee ee eee ee 3 Zend-Avesta teaches us the early history of the human race, Whitney.............. 99 Andcharacverol- established by sb urnOul sa. . ce aan seas lucien arscli vcigs cacy one 82 Zend, comparative ages of portions of............... ies he EET Ra ch? che 302 ENUM AMHCULCICSOL LRANSIATION OL. Jsfasitt -fo,2.5- dda c AG dbecuty Buc atite deh eth 14, 102-104 PLOT C lag ACC hea eee oN ccycp ater: aKa. oe aes welt edak ) aden Atewem ee «cater 82-84 Henemenguage,; BUNSEN ON. «sp... 55 455.5. 5.6.cT EL WE ORE tee OhER ASTER 80 yendiansuace.Or., Donaldson: OM. oe ivece 1s, 085 tk LO aon. LS. ese eae ee 82-83 “end lancuagetounedtin: Bactria).)a3 Tabb... SOOT, OOS, BEL ROLE 63 Zend language bhad-no settled grammatical ruléss 29005972 BOARS ES eS 160 enamangiaxemionlyxdevelopedzg st ccae sc cdas de toe cece oe ee Introduction iii-iv Mexia Aur reroldsneat NEU Vediee Gite 2 ccc. 2/050) 02 fa Wl nary a eeaueigen att ne ase ste sian 25 HASSENO evins: bea vereeel RAEN 2 (oa WE PS cea ca a LE a eet a ERY HT 82 Aen adnamouao ent NLEe PCHOG Somer ah “ sart's AOU Repere 17 Lend Orioin Olt meme Men weir ene east ayard lereactareak'= teiaaaies nyse Deck RECS A 7 Lend poverty, Olierammattcaltorins 14.4. siy,23 seis okemeert © See rhe Te eka 231 PeLend Sanskuiandumensian aiimittes: Ob wo. come ore tosst+ creepy pee are pameed ee 94-95 TASNGVAA ME VES IN Sacto iso 0 COLMAR OEE OSG eo OTT EB GE MAE RTE oni ae). U Hendritne Oral tracdieomener.”.-. deve sttnaiet selec jnaeie ov fs « Sane, thee yp }cbgohaetsncoRey> aE E r 132 ENMeGrans ALONG ee TNMs S =i aire uy ey ate tels tape axe Chea Weel oe Seek 197-198 Hendeverps agree With) Vedi@OanSktit..~oeceeeis sas des -2c2+s sos oe Ome Introduction iv Zend written like Hebrew, from right to left..... A coheed Midway oreperre cet SVN eaec cae Introduction iii em ES ATIRELV. Clti ree et tM onc Sree © cr asls Rae @ Gyo oe aceliove, eile: aeemens emt 76, 547-548 Fipsie ING Ne viler A hikeie= SINR AVA ICLLNTE)S 25.8, cla IG & ciate One ORR mes RCRD isons 5c) ncn oa cme Care 562 ZetmNticnanerivien.C Ange OMMGlZe Ober ....: ale /feiets Pies «= +e. © © oc eistel oepedonerseeenemepe: = else)»: sila 77 ZerednomVlountains—— 50 lot ihac lnmmmers 3), cities 2» «1 vie/-ichnis aie chegageieenete. oie = so) 2)ceate 541 Jie nike ore INTIS TA ER Oe ath © 4 a bd Ss oo oy EO eee Se tao bio OCC 547 Zoroaster, a conqueror of Babylon, 2234 B. C. (Berossus, the Chaldee historian)..... 16 Ixx INDEX INDEX TO APPENDIX. The Appendix, a most valuable contribution to Linguistics, though largely compiled from the works of others, was prepared by this master of linguistics. It consists principally of tables which afford a comparative arrangement of word- forms from the languages of the first generation from the older Aryan; the intimate connection of these secondary languages; their descent from the Aryans of the first emigration of the Proto-Aryans; and the descent of these languages from the Aryan as the mother-tongue, and thus proves the descent of the peoples of Northern Europe from the Aryans. Baron Bunsen, one of the great masters of linguistics, well said: “The evi- dence of language is irrefragable, and it is the only evidence worth listening to with regard to ante-historical periods.”’ These tables show comparisons of the Zend, Sanskrit, Gothic, Old Sclavonian, Lithuanian, Russian, Cymric, Gaelic, Greek, Latin, Old High-German, German, French and English. GasestnuSanskrit,-Zend, Greekand Latin. ..,2 23. wise eee oo ae os Oo ee eee Vv Cases Sanskrit, Zend and-Old Sclavonies 6: :see-scaj%a- 04>) anion «02s toi oan, ee Nouns, adjectives, etc., in Sanskrit, Zend and English.......................... Xli-XVi Nouns and adjectives, in Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin and English.............. XX—XXiV Nouns: English, Sanskrit, Zend, Lithuanian, Gothic, Russian, Gaelic and (CAvin0 (Shs: RRR AN SReRM RES ac Fr cE ina 7 4 kaka a 18 ee eso | Reamer te SUEY iG eee Sc XXXII-XXXill Numerals: Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, ee antd) English: s je.0 pene terete ete XXv1 Numerals: Sanskrit, Zend, Lithuanian, Gothic, Old Sclavonic, Russian, Gaelic, Cymric,-Anglo-Saxon,, French:and- English. ...c....:0010.01 onsen Sees dee eee vi-vil Fersonal pronouns,in.alli branches) of the race.s.....,...4.. Wo fucn lee ake See eeen Vii-xi Prepositions, Particles and Pronouns: Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin and English... .xxv Sanskritvand.Zend, conjugation, comparative. tantenmdss ee ee HH Den See eee 1K Sanskritulettersuclassesro fg scw item Me Mis Son. cas ey he oles else eee ae i SanskritelettersmprominciationuOl).< tas... ' Jers oes ose ee a Lee i Sanskrit tenses: Indicative mode has six, other modes but one each................. 1x SanskriG.verbsihave ti viemiodesnernwt kakine iiaiecies 2 ot sagt. ae eee. meee viii Sansiiitsvowels pronunciation lige sn,....a6 soe ae ee ce. ee 1 Sanskritiwnittensfromiletttomriphtsqicec eee ee ene eee ii Sanskrit, Zend and: Gothic, identity of originsproven. .°. 417257. 2 ae 2 eu See be iv Sanskrit, Zend, Gothic and English, comparative table of.....................-.005- iv Termination “mi” in Sanskrit, Old Sclavonic, Greek and English..................... x Verbal roots and forms, Sanskrit, Zend and English........................--- XV1i-Xix Verbs and participles: Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin and English............ XXVli-Xxxii Verbs: Transitive, active form, first person, Sanskrit, Zend, Gothic, Greek, Old High-German, Withuanianand Latin. tssos sce Hae dees coos one ee on gee xi Zend-alphabet; pronungiation Of 60% erro. coe cece coer tees. SORE Gee Oe? ae i Zend and Sanskrit, resemblances and differences. ... 0.0.00... 00ccccceeceeeveveeee li-v Zendiletterswvelues-ofs tas ssGee LO. aks a RR O08 FP ORs Be 1 Zend written like Semitic languages, from right to left... 2.0.0... ccc cceeeeeeceeeee il } 33 31, Pike, Albert, 1809-1891. 1515 Irano-Aryan faith and doctrine as contained in the Zend- »5 «= «~Cfs« Avesta, ;by, Albert Pike, 1874. Louisville, The Standard print- ing co., 1924, 2p. L, ix, 624, Ixx p. front. (fold. map) 2 pl. 26°. 1. Avesta. 1. Title. Library of Congress BL1515.P5 cCSC/ je © pee ey ts Se Meee 3 2 Annee aa sg Heme ee one 1h Puasa and ait Taam ie wate *, i © re >. » pS Me cater Wena ky bea wen Nene a. Sank ae tee ‘ F ee ‘ a, Pe AE ad * bn ‘ ’ Mahe NS RETR ee See Sa tect, yee rete VES mal Shon , Smo hth bonne , eS SAT, Ges ae, a gate oo Sete ean ty * ” = “Je ie opine. Gane ee Se ae aoe Sate MA Nay thy en rae a SAL Nude Sy Tea ey t