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ition
vA i, ; in oP Hu 8
ANIMAL KINGDOM,
LOOLOGIGAL 2 Y Soh EN,
OF THE CELEBRATED
Sur CHARLES LLN N Av &.
ey Aes st NM ee NL Me ee
CONTAINING A COMPLETE SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION, ARRANGEMENT, AND NOMENCLA- TURE, OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF THE MAMMALIA, OR ANIMALS WHICH GIVE SUCK TO THEIR YOUNG;
BEING A TRANSLATION OF THAT PART OF THE
Soy S er oP AS NN POU i oe:
AS LATELY PUBLISHED, WITH. GREAT IMPROVEMENTS,
\ By Proressorn GMELIN of Goerrincen.
TOGETHER MW it H
NUMEROUS ADDITIONS FROM MORE RECENT ZOOLOGICAL WRITERS, AND ILLUSTRATED WITH COPPERPLATES:
; my ROB FE ROT) KE R de Voie Gok ao. be
/ MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, AND OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY, H ;
AND SURGEON TO THE ORPHAN HOSPITAL OF EDINBURGH.
ATR Ege (epinpuRGH: if pe |
(9 PRINTED For A. SrRAHAN, AND T. Carr, eo ee ei AND ; Se W. Creecu, Epinsurcn. e_), CS 79 2 2 \ ee
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Seera)
Peer AE OBS Se ea
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TO THE
| getoe Orage anaone Covaaare aire Oe
To ftudy the works of Creation with intelligence, is the exclufive privilege of man, and highly exalts his dignity above that of all other animated beings. When he looks around among created objects, he is prefented with innumerable inftances of the moft admirable contrivance in the ftruGture of every being, for fulfilling the wifeft purpofes, Wifdom, Power, and Goodnefs, are manifefted in the form and deftination of every natural body. How then can man be more honourably employed than in ftudying the works of his. Creator?) Every means, therefore, which can facilitate the acquifi- tion of this vaft-and noble objet of human knowledge, muft cer- tainly be conducive to promote the moft rational happinefs of man- kind, we
_For the attainment of this Philofophy of Nature, it is neceffary to poffefs fome knowledge of the objects of creation, as they are connected with each other in one vaift chain of being, and as natural- ly arranged under greater and lefler links of mutual relation. With- out an acquaintance with thefe, the pleafing and highly important:
fluds,-
toes)
fiudy of Nature, as a great Science, muft, if not utterly impoflible, be extremely difficult and embarrafling. Method and arrangement, like the clew of Ariadne, ferve to lead the otherwife wandering mind through the devious mazes of Nature’s labyrinth. Hence, in all ages, numerous attempts have been made to reduce the apparently endlefs confufion of natural bodies, under fuch a fyftem of arrangement, adefcription, and nomenclature, as might render the acquirement of thefe general views as eafy and as familiar as poflible.
Ir is not neceflary to give any comparative view of the merits of ‘the different fyftems which have been devifed for anfwering this ufeful purpofe; as it will be readily granted, that the palm of excel- lence has been almoft univerfally allowed, by the learned of every country in Europe, to the arrangement of the great LINN Us, as con- tained in hisjuftly celebrated work the Sy/ema Naturae. To the genius and induftry of that illuftrious Naturalift, the world is indebted for the improvement of Natural Hiftory; and, to his indefatigable zeal, and example, the aftonithing progrefs which this branch of know- ledge has lately made is principally owing. If not the father of the {cience, he may juftly be held as its fecond founder; and had he, like Ariftotle, been aided by the power and riches of an Alexander, it is hardly poflible to conceive to what degree of perfection our knowledge of Nature might by this time have advanced.
As his admirable work, which has already gone through thirteen editions, is ingthe Latin language, it is {hut up from many who might derive great pleafure and advantage, from profecuting the ftudy of Nature, This tranflation, therefore, of a work of fuch ge- neral importance, and which contains-{o much interefting informa- tion, will not, it is hoped, be deemed an unprofitable employment. By this publication, a vaft and fertile field of fcience will be opened fo many who are now precluded from the cultivation of Natural
Hiftory,
( vi J
Hiftory, merely by the language in which its principles are deliver- ed. To the intelligent inhabitants of the country, and to thofe who are employed, either at home or abroad, in the purfuits of com- merce, navigation, or agriculture, this fcience will open a new and never failing fource of rational amufement. Every walk in the woods and: fields, affording an infinite fund of agreeable relaxation from profeffional bufinefs, may thus be employed in pleafing ftudy ; and that time, which now too often drags heavily on with thofe who are idle, more from want of an object of rational employment than from inclination, may be filled up with a conftant and eafy in- veftigation of the beauties of creation. ‘To many perfons, this ftudy may be rendered an object of pecuniary advantage, by enabling them to felect and preferve the more valuable fpecimens, which are in great requeft, and bear a high price among colleCors of cabinets. Even the ladies may be induced, from the interefting nature of the ftudy, to prefer the purfuit of Natural Hiftory to thofe frivolous publications, which have too often a hurtful, and never any beneficial tendency.
One part of this great Syftem of Nature, the arrangement, def- cription, and nomenclature of vegetables, has already been moft laudably given to the public in Englifh by the Litchfield Botanical Society, and with deferved.applaufe. It is now propofed to tranflate the ANIMAL SysTEM of the fame celebrated author, which. ar- ranges, defcribes, and names the whole known Species and Varieties of Quadrupeds, Birds, Amphibious.amimals, Reptiles, Serpents, Fifhes,, Infects, and Worms. By this means, the mere Englifh reader will. be enabled to contemplate, with facility and pleafure, the number- lefs beauties which Nature every where prefents to the attentive ob- ferver. The defcriptions given by Linnzus are fo admirably adapt- ed to the fubje€, and are exprefied in fuch clear and diftin&. terms,. that any perfon, by a very fmall degree of attention, may difcover
b. 2 the:
‘( vit) ‘the name, place, habits, and ufes of any animal that occurs, elthez in cabinets or collections, or in their native haunts ; and may at
once afcertain whether the fpecimen prefented, be already known; or.a non-defcript fpecies or variety,
Tue tranflator was particularly induced to undertake this edi- tion, by a recommendation from very refpeétable literary authority, the Authors of the Monthly Review, who, in the November num- ‘ber of the year 1787, warmly advife:the publication of a-Zoological Synopfis in Englith : For this purpofe, nothing. can be better adapt- ed than the work now -offered to the public, at leaft fo far as the merit of the original is concerned; of the prefent edition it be- comes its editor and tranflator to {peak more modeftly. The tranf- ‘ation has been, and fhall-continue to be, carried on with the ute ‘moft poffible attention to accuracy and fidelity of verfion, and to uniformity and perfpicuity of language. He has fhunned as much as the nature of the fubjeét would allow, the employment of tech- nical terms, having yet endeavoured to ufe Englifh words in fo precife and definite a manner as to ferve every ufeful purpofe of more -recondite technical expreflions. It is taken from the laft edi- tion of the Sy/ema Naturae of Linnzus, as lately publifhed, by the learned Profeflor Gmelin of the Univerfity of Goettingen; and has received large and numerous additions, which have been collected ‘by the tranflator, from the writings of fuch Zoclogifts, Voyagers, and Travellers, as had not fallen under the obfervation, either of the great Linnzus, or of his excellent fucceflor,
As the publication of fo very extenfive a work muft neceffarily ‘be attended with confiderable expence, the mode of fubfcription has been adopted; and, encouraged by a highly refpectable lift of fubfcribers, the tranflator has ventured to publifh this Fu, half-volume of the LINNZAN SysTEM of ZooLtocy. He trutts
greatly
( ix j
‘greatly to ‘the intrinfic value of the original work, when it thall, ‘by means of this tranflation, become more generally known, for fupport in carrying through his arduous undertaking. By this, as a fpecimen, the public opinion may be guided, refpeding the merit of the whole work, which in the original is undoubted ; and a judgment may be formed of the fidelity with which it has been tranf- lated, and of the value and propriety of the numerous additicns that have been made to it in this edition,
A vERY curfory infpeGion will fhew at once, to fuch readers as ‘are in any degree acquainted with the original, that what is now fubmitted to the public, is not, by any means, a mere tranfla- tion; for, although every thing that is contained in Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Sy/fema Naturae be retained with the moft fcrupulous exaétnefs, and confequently a great deal more than is in any of the Linnaean editions, very large additions have been made to the prefent tranflation, from zoological writers of eminence, whofe works the laft learned editor had then no opportunity to confult. How far thefe ad- ‘ditions may be ultimately found to have improved the work, it be- longs to others to difcover; all that can, with any propriety, be faid ‘on this fubje&, is, that for the putpofes of improvement alone, they have moft feduloufly been employed. Though the tranflator does not prefume to have executed his tafk in fuch a manner, as even com= pletely to fatisfy his own ideas of a perfe& zoological fyftem, he can with juftice affert, that neither labour nor expence have been withheld, to render it as free from faults, as the nature of the fubje&, and the prefent flate of zoological knowledge, fo far as it has reached him, would admit. Having earneftly endeavoured to do juftice ‘to this important branch of fcience, and faithfully to execite his duty as editor and tranflator, he humbly ventures, with fome degree of confidence, to claim the patronage of the public, to a work im a gBreat meafure national, as it is intended to make the fyftematic part of
NATURAL
(=! ))
Naturat History, through the whole Anima, Kincpom,, fpeak the language of Britain.
Accorp1nc to the reception which this fpecimen of the fubje@, and of the manner of its execution, may meet with from a difcern- ing public, the editor will be direéted whether to proceed in the pu- blication, or reluctantly to defift; for, from the great expence which unavoidably attends the production of fo extenfive a work, it is evidently impoflible, prudently to go on, without a. fubfcription that fhall be fully adequate to indemnify againft all rifk of lofs: He is, however, determined to proceed with the work, fhould a fuffi- cient number of fubfcribers appear, barely to defray the coft of pu- blication, even if no views of profit fhould arife from the fuccefs of the fubfcription. At any rate, however, the clafs of Mammalia fhall be completed, that, even if the work fhould not eventually be continued, this firft part may not remain a. mutilated and ufelefs fragment. . |
Since the original profpeétus and propofals were publithed, im May 1791, fome alterations of the plan of the work have been adopted: Thefe are partly owing to the vaftly larger additional in- formation, which has been derived from various fources, than there was any reafon at firft to have expected ; and they partly proceed from the advice of feveral refpectable fubfcribers, and valued literary friends. In confequence of the former it is now found, that the work will neceflarily extend, when completed, to four volumes ; and, by the latter, the editor has been induced to add a feries of ac- curate engravings, which have been executed by an excellent artift, Thefe will be found highly ufeful, for illuftrating the fyftematic me- thod of the celebrated Linnzus, and for conveying more perfec ideas, of feveral rare and curious animals, than any verbal defcrip- tion could poffibly communicate, As this. latter addition greatly
enhances.
C x )
senhances the expence of publication, it has been found neceflary to deffen a little the otiginally propofed fize of the volumes, though in a degree that is far from being fufficient to compenfate for the addi- tional expence arifling from the engravings ; and, purpofely to diminifh, as much as poflible, the magnitude of the work, a {maller type, and a much larger page, have been Sole ee than are ordi- narily ufed in works of this kind.
THE conditions, as now finally fettled, are thefe :—-The work, as mearly as can be calculated, will confift of four volumes ; to be pu- blifhed in fucceflive half volumes, as faft as the neceflary attention ‘to correctnefs will allow :—Each half volume will be illuftrated with feveral plates, and will be delivered in boards, to fubfcribers, at half a guinea :—A general introdudtion, giving a view of the tubjedt, and of the various fources from which the additional information has
been derived, together with proper title pages, will be delivered along: with the laft-half volume; and copious indexes will be affixed ‘to each clafs,
As, fromm the uncommon nature of the mechanical part of the _ swork, and the yet uncertain extent of the additions, in its prefent unfinifhed ftate, it has been found impofhible to divide it properly, the fubfcribers are requefted not to bind up the feveral parts, till the whole is completed, when proper inftructions will be given for the bookbinders.
Tuose who are difpofed to give their countenance and patronage to this undertaking, are requefted to tranfmit their orders for fub- {cription, to the editor, as foon as poffible, with directions how their copies are to be forwarded; and bookfellers, or others, in pofleflion of fubfcriptions, are entreated to do the fame, that no delay may oc- cur in taking the neceflary fteps for carrying on the remaining parts
of
( xii )
of this extenfive work, with all the defpatch that is confiftent with: the accurracy and material improvement which have been adopted,. as rules for conducting every part of the intended plan.
EDINBURG ae ~ February 1792.
SYSTEMATIC
| li reget Meas siaptasie 2 iki 9 aiidasl
By Di GMELIN.
H E tranfcendent merits of the illuftrious Author of the fol- lowing Work, and his high fame as the Reftorer and Refor-
mer of the Science of Natural Hiftory, notwithftanding the malevo- lent oppofition, and many violent attacks, of numerous detractors, are fo fully known and acknowledged by the public, as to render any ftudied panegyric on him or his writings totally fuperfluous, Even the novice in Natural Hiftory muft be fully aware of the many and great advantages he derives from a Catalogue of all the known natural objects, properly arranged into Claffes, Orders, and Genera; at one glance, with fuch affiftance, he is immediately led to the par- ticular fubje@t he is in queft of ; while, on the contrary, he muft ne- ceflarily fpend much time and labour, if he is obliged to fearch amid the almoft inextricable confufion of numerous and verbofe defcriptions which are difperfed through the voluminous writings of unfyftema- tic Naturalifts. Although this facility to the ftudent be confidered as the principal excellence in the labours of the great Linnaeus, by fuch as have chofen to ftigmatife him with the contemptuous title of a mere Nomenclator, it is by no means the chief merit of his won- _derful work; what really conftitutes its great fupereminence, and which can be claimed by no other author, is, that it contains defcrip- tions of all the natural objects which were in any degree known at Vou, I. A the
Poa.)
the time of its publication. Thefe defcriptions were moftly derived from the accurate and perfonal obfervations of the fagacious and indefatigable author, or from the communications of his numerous difciples, who have travelled over various parts of the world in fearch of natural knowledge; fome of them, indeed, are collected either from tie works of authors of acknowledged reputation, or from the
rivate communications of refpeSiable correfpondents. Pp Pp
Human ingenuity is not expected to produce any work that is completely perfe&t: The field of fcience which Linnaeus had to ex- plore is immenfe; and it was not to be fuppofed that, from fuch a furvey, the traveller, however entightened and induftrious, fhould re- turn with perfea defcriptions of all its parts; he is not therefore juaft- ly to be blamed for having fometimes been miftaken, or occafionally deceived by erroneous information; neither is he too haftily to be condemned for having fometimes given imperfect characters of the genera and fpecies, or for having failed in a few inftances to diftin- euith, with fufficient accuracy, the limits between the fpecies and varieties of natural productions. Indeed there are fcarcely two wri- ters who have agreed on the diftin@ion between what fhould be con- fidered as the characters of fpecific difference, and fuch marks of dif- crimination as ought to belong only to difference of variety. We fhould not certainly condemn, as ignorant, that archite&t who, ha- ving laid firmly the foundation of an admirably contrived edifice, almoft of infinite magnitude and variety in the number, difpofitions, and ufes of its parts, and who, having raifed the fuperftruGure, even in his own lifetime, worthy of the wonder and admiration of the world, fhould leave to pofterity a few {mall parts yet unfinifhed, or the pofhibility of fome additions, alterations, and improvements, which future wants, and increafing knowledge, might render necef- fary: We certainly ought rather to admire the talents and ingenuity which could confrud@ the original edifice in fuch a manner as to fuf-
fer
tf 3 4
fer thefe neceflary additions, 2‘tcrations, and improvements, with- out injuring its ftrengtt manency, or fymmetry. Let it not, therefore, be prefiimed that the immortal author wandered from the province al/oitcad ‘or his talents when he undertook this great
work, and aceomplithed it fo far as the ftate of human knowledge would allow. His greate{t enemies may be filenced by this confide- ration, that fuch alterations, additions, and improvements, as the SysTEM OF NaTureE has nitherto required, have been made by the difciples of that great mafter, inftru€ted almoft for the exprefs pur- pofe of carrying forward and completing his arduous undertaking.
Many years * have now elapfed fince the twelfth edition of this work was given to the public by its immortal author; and the joint labours of the many unwearied inquirers into nature which have appeared fince that period, both of his difciples and others, have greatly enlarged our ftock of knowledge, by making’ us acquaint- ed with numerous facts and objects before unknown, and by in- creafing and correGling our knowledge of fuch as were already known, though imperfe@ly. Hence it is evident that, when thefe are referred to their proper places in the general fyftem, it muft necef- farily become, both more extended, and more comprehenfive than in its former ftate. I truft, therefore, from thefe confiderations that, in preparing and publifhing this new edition, I have been employed ufefully and agreeably to the public, as well as fatisfaQorily to the bookfellers, who have long found that a new editien of the Linnaean fyftem was moft anxioufly folicited by their employers.
In this edition the original work is not materially changed in its general plan; though fome particular paits have undergone a few A 2 alterations,
* Dr Gmelin fays more than four luftres; the twelfth, or laft Linnaean edition of the Sy/fema Naturae was publifhed in 1766, and that of Gmelin in 1788, making an: interval of twenty-two years..
Bie
alterations, perhaps immaterial in themfelves, but which the increafed ftate of our knowledge on the fubje@t feemed to render neceflary: It is enlarged by inferting, in their proper places, fuch genera and {pe- cies as have been lately difcovered: It is enriched by the addition of many accurate defcriptions of new obje€ts, which have been obfer- ved by later naturalifts either for the firft time, or with greater ac- curacy than formerly: It is augmented with additional fynonimes from the works of feveral authors, which had either not occurred to the illuftrions Linnaeus, or which have been publithed fince his time: And, finally, the whole is corrected by means of the lateft communications from refpectable obfervers.
In the profecution of this arduous undertaking, I have felected and arranged, with great attention, all that appeared fubfervient to my views of improvement, from the great collection of books with which the royal munificence of our prefent Sovereign, the King of Britain and EleGor of Hanover, has enriched the Library of the Univerfity of Goetingen,; and I have been greatly affifted in this labour by the gentlemen who have the dire€tion of that eftabliih-
ment.
If I have any merit in the execution of this work, it is chiefly to be attributed to the affliftance I have derived from the works of Schreber, Pennant, and particularly Erxleben, with regard to the clafs of Mammalia; to Latham, in the clafs of Birds; to Fabricius and Goetz, in the Infe€@ts; to Schroeter, in Shells; and to Muller, for the other Worms: For additions, alterations, and improvements in the Vegetable Kingdom I am greatly indebted to the younger Linnaeus, and in a very eminent degree to Murray my illuftrious coadjutor in this work: In the Mineral Kingdom, I[ have largely pro- fited by the labours of Cronftedt, by thofe of his commentator Vel- theim, and by the works of Gerhard, Kirwan, and Bergman.
The
rS ]
The following work, therefore, contains a Sy {tematic Catalogue and defcription, not only of fuch obje&s as were known to the illuftrious Linnaeus, but likewife of all thofe which have been difcovered fince his death by the many excellent difciples * which were trained un- der his learned inftruGion, and formed by his great example; and of every thing that has been obferved by other great naturalifts , who, though not favoured with the inftrudtions of that great mafter of this fcience, have followed his footfteps, and thofe of his worthy {cholars. Nor muft thofe writers { be paffed over in filence who; -by their ftri€tures and inveétives, have endeavoured to depreciate the immortal labours of our illuftrious author; even from their works I have derived information which has contributed toward the perfec- tion of this edition.
But, after all the pains that have been taken, I am far from fup- pofing that the prefent edition is fo perfet as not to require many corrections, amendments, and additions, from the labours of my con-
temporaries,
* As Falk, Solander, Dryander, Forfkahl, the two Fabricii, Muller, Brunnich, Bjerkandr, Retz, Rothboel, Schreber, Murray, Ferber, Pajkuhl, &c.
+ Pallas, the Forfters father and fon, Jacquin, Sonnerat, Scopoli, Lefk, S. G. Gme- lin, Lepechin, Georgi, Hablizl, Guldenftaedt, Koelreuter, Gaertner, Houtujn, Storr, Bowles, Molina, Seftini, Cetti, Count de Borch, Dolomieu, Fortis, Andrea, Schranck, the two Hermanns, Carofo, Gilies, Clavigero, Bancroft; Aublet, Merrem, Gowan, Gott- wald, Zimmerman, Walbaum, Bloch, Goetz, Werner, Batfch, Brouffonet, Meidinger, Laicharting, Bergftraeifer, Schaller, Fueflin, Knox, Herbft, Cramer, Drury, Seppi, Stoll, Schaeffer, Harreri, Geofroy, Fourcroy, Chemnitz, Martin, Walch, Spengler, Oeder, Weifs, Weber, J. Miller, Schmiedel, Gifek, Roth, F. Hoffmann, Hedwig, Curtis, VHeritier, Gloxin, Sage, Monnet, Burtin, Sauffure, Voigt, Bruckmann, Giraud-Sou- lavic, Genfan, Pine, Abildgaard, Palaffo, Peiroufe, Wulfen, Klipftein, Trebra, Dietrich, Count Rafoumow‘ki, and others.
t Particularly the Count de Buffon, Adanfon, Camper, Laurence, Hacquet, the anos nymous author afluming the name of Medicus, and others.
Lé |
temporaries, and from the obfervations of my fucceffors in the plea- fing employment of cultivating the fcience of Natural Hiftory; for it muft be evident to fuch as have maturely confidered its particular parts and divifions, that our fcience is ftill far removed from a ftate of perfection. The difficulty of inveftigating permanently diftinc- tive marks for difcriminating natural bodies from each other, muft be evident to every inquirer into the fubje&: One great caufe of this difficulty arifes from the luxuriant variety which, as regulated or in- duced by various circumftances, nature has employed in giving co- lours to animals; thefe fuffer variations from the feparate or concur- rent effects of many caufes; fuch as, whether the animals happen to be in a wild or domeftick ftate, or varied by the intermixture of nearly allied kinds, producing what are called hybrid races, or al- tered by the influence of different climates.. At the fame time, it is well known, in diftinguifhing the fpecies of many kinds of animals, particularly Birds, that there are no other marks of difcrimination to be found except what are derived from difference of colour; while it unfortunately happens that the fame fpecies are apt to put on dif- ferent appearances, and to be cloathed in different colours, at diffe- rent times of the year; according as they are either wild or tame; in various ftages of their life; in the different fexes; as they happen to feed on diflerent foods; owing to the particular climates which they inhabit; and from various other circumftances. It is likewife obvious that many animals and vegetables, efpecially of marine pro- duétion, have not hitherto been accurately obferved through all their changes of age and fex; or have only been defcribed or pictured from dead fpecimens, either dried, or ftuffed, or preferved in fpirits, or falted, or diftorted and even maimed by various means, either ac- cidental, or intentionally, for the purpofes of deceit; this laft is moft evident in fhells, which are frequently rendered colourlefs, or are otherwife altered from their natural appearance.
While:
[@ §
While this edition was at prefs, fome information has been ob- tained, by which it might have been amended in fome inftances, and augmented in others. Thus, Camper, the greateft comparative ana~ tomift of the age, having lately an opportunity to difle@& the Szren *, has difcovered that, on each fide’of the head, it is furnifhed with three true gills, feparated from each other by membranes having tooth like appendages; that the mouth is armed with ftrong and firm- ly planted teeth; that.the heart has only one ventricle; and that the abdomen is filled with very long and capacious inteftines: From all thefe-circumftances, he concludes that this animal ought to be con- fidered as a fith of the order Branchioffegi; while in other refpets it is more nearly allied to the genus Murena, of the order dpodes ; although it differs materially from the other fpecies of that genus, by having only three notched bones in the gills, and from the pecto- ral fins being each divided into four finger-like appendages.
Two apparently new fpecies of fifhes, frequenting the fhores of the ocean near Bahus, have lately been difcovered, and defcribed in the Stockholm TranfaCtions, Vol. xii. 1ft quarter, No. 9. One of thefe, which was found at Khuedefholm, is by Ruthenfparr, named Euprafes ; it is a {pecies of Gobius, about an inch long, and fpotted _ with black, having a diftin@ black fpot on each fide at the bafe of the tail; the fecond dorfal fin has eight pointed, and eleven blunt rays; the firft dorfal fin feven rays; the petoral fins fifteen rays each; the ventral fins, which are united, have eight rays; the anal fin eight rays; and the tail twelve: The other, which was found at Kyrkefund, is a fpecies of Cottus, named Bubalis; it is brown on the back, and has a white belly; it is fmaller than the Cottus fcorpius, or feather-lafher; has a rough thorny head provided with two horns;
the * The Siren Jacertina of the Linnaean, and Jfurena Siren of the prefent edition:
This animal, which lives in muddy places and feeds on ferpents, was lately paeier bed by Ellis in ~ Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. lvi. 189.
E38, ] the membrane covering the gilis has fix rays; the firft dorfal fin
eight; the fecond dorfal thirteen; the petoral fins fifteen each; the ventrals four each; the anal eight; and the tail ten rays.
A new fpecies of Ape has likewife been lately difcovered, and of which a particular defcription may fpeedily be expe&ted from the pen of the celebrated Daubenton; this animal is faid to refemble mankind more nearly than any formerly known fpecies, and has received the name of Sima nafalis, from the elegant figure of its nofe,
GoETTINGEN, J. FRID. GMELIN. March 16.1788.
S.2 R.m M.iti1s suMM# Fiper VIRO,
CELSISSIMO ILLUSTRISSIMOqus Coy Moh Poe Ak: GG. TE 5:5 IN.
REGIS REGNIque SUIOGOTHICI SENATOR], REGIZ CANCELLARIE PRESIDI, AD AULAM REGIARUM CELSITUDINUM SUPREMO MARESCHALLO, LDU CeAow ON ok kek Ne bern Co GC Us fA VOL PR air Bic 1h O; CANCELLARIO ACADEMI# ABOENSIS, ORDINIS $6.4 RR. MAJ. SERAPH. EQUITI-AURATO ET COMMENDATORI, EQUITI AURATO DE AQUILA NIGRA, NEC NON OMNIUM S.4E R.# MAJ. SUECICH ORDINUM CANCEELARIO,
Si Aln Comer sn ivi
Co quivis auctor fperet fe apud pofteros gratiam habere, et pofle fecum duratura nomina educere, AucToRI meae fortunae Libellum ultimo nunc offero. ILLE me, peregrinum in patria, reducem excepit ; Ine mihi ftipendium ab ordinibus Regni expetiit ; Inve mihi fpartam Medici claflici procuravit, Ite mihi Munus, quo fungor, conciliavit ; Inve mihi Titulum, quo diftinguor, paravit ; Ite me ad Sereniflimos Reges introduxit ; ItLe me cufo Numifiate pofteritati commendavit ; ILLE meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipfum
ludere quae vellem calamo permifit agre/ti ;
quare
cana prius gelido defint abjinthia ponto, _ guam noftro illus labatur pectore vultus.
TANTI MACENATIS
Upfalize 1766, Cultor devotiffimus, d. 24. Maii.
Ga Linwné, Vou, I. B
O LORD, How manifold are thy works! in wifdom haft thou made them all: The earth is full of thy riches.----PSALM CIV. 24.
Great is our GOD, and great is his power, And his power is not to be fathomed.
ber NON AN
DPN hee (Oo Due be 7a) TQ» AN.
AN, when he enters on the theatre of this world, naturally inquires, Who he is; whence he comes; whether he is bound; for what purpofe he exifts; and, by what bounteous means he is preferved? He finds himfelf de- {cended from the anceftry of creation; he looks towards the enjoyment of a bleffed immortality; he fhould employ himfelf while here, in contemplating the wonders of Nature, and ought, in humble gratitude, to acknowledge the continually fupporting arm of Providence. Curiofity is natural to man, in com- mon with the reft of animals: Thefe feaft, and amufe themfelves; they en= gender, take reft when weary, and provide convenient habitations according to their kinds; they ftudy the prefervation and fupport of their young, and exert their talents in providing for their own fafety; they enjoy the faculties of the bodily fenfes, and are capable of feveral mental perceptions. But Man, more noble in his nature, and far fuperior to all other animals in the faculties of the mind, is poflefled of infinitely greater capacity for obferving and in- quiring into thofe things which lie within the fphere of his intelligence; from thefe he is enabled to draw much jufter inferences, through the powers of rea- fon; and his exclufive and ineftimable privilege is, that from all thefe he is Jed humbly to admire the infinite perfection which is every where difcoverable in the works of the allwife Creator.
B2 How
$2 LINNZAN INTRODUCTION.
How defpicable a being were man, did he not raife his thoughts above thofe things which are merely human! Wherefore fhould 4e rejoice at being made one among living creatures? Not, furely, that he fhould gorge himfelf with food, on purpofe to cram this body which is about to perifh. Affuredly man was not placed in this Jower world that he fhould forget the end of his crea- tion, and be unmindful of his nobler expectations. This is true Wifdom, that a man fhould confider the ends and pupofes of all things; and I am convinced that many might have poffefled this wifdom, had they not, by being puffed up with the pride of their poor attainments, vainly confidered themfelves as wife already.
‘* The end of creation is, that Gop may be glorified in his works by Man
© alone.”
Hence it becomes of the greateft importance that we fhould be acquainted with the works of Nature, than which no ftudy can poflibly be more noble, neither can any thing exift more interefting to the human mind; for, while many things remain concealed for future inveftigation, that which at prefent, by its grandure, occupies our attention is more to be efteemed for its intrinfic worth, than on account of any recompenfe, however large, which may accrue to us from the ftudy. Though a very large and magnificent portion of the wonderful works of Nature is laid open to our views, a much greater ftill lies hid from our eyes; for God hath not permitted all things to be within the reach of human capacity. There are many things of which we have learned the exiflence; but of thofe which may exift without our knowledge we can have no conception. How many things are there of which we have acquired our firft knowledge in this age, and even within a few years? and a ftill lar- ger portion of fcience, of which we are now entirely ignorant, will belong to our fucceffors. A vaft field of inquiry is referved for future ages, when even the remembrance of this paffing’ generation fhall be entirely obliterated ; and the time will come when the indufiry and experience of thofe who are to follow us fhall have made many difcoveries which now lie concealed; for Nature does not communicate all her fecrets at once. _ We vainly believe our= felves among the favoured number of the initiated, while we ftill remain only
il.
LINNEAN INTRODUCTION, rg
in the porch of Nature’s temple; for the holy myfteries are not indifcrimi- nately revealed to all her votaries; they are concealed in the facred recefles of the cell, or interior chamber, where truth lies veiled, and is only to be attained by patient perfeverance. ‘‘ If temperate youth, mindful of his Creator, would ** follow thefe refearches, if thefe noble views were inculcated by the aged ‘* and liftened to by the young in years, fcarce even then fhould we reach the ** depth where truth lies buried, which we now, with carele(fs ftudy, fearch ** for on the furface *.”—‘‘ It is certainly of great importance to penetrate ** into the hidden receffes of Nature, and, not remaining contented with out- ward appearances, to dive into the facred myfteries of the divine opera-
“gions “fi.”
Influenced by thefe confiderations, and eager to clear the way for difcover- ing her fecret operations, I have dared to enter the almoft impenetrable foreft of Nature, not difmayed by the thorny brakes with which it is environed: Thefe I have carefully avoided, fo far as was practicable or proper; though I have learned by experience, that no degree of circumf{pection can preferve even the greateft diligence from error and miftake. I have therefore fubmit- ted with patience to the {cofls of the ignorant and the malicious, who have either contemned the objects, or envied the fuccefs, of my laborious purfuits ;, defpifing thofe grinning apes and chattering baboons whom I have encounter- ed in my journey, with perfevering and laborious patience I have followed the road which fortune and the limits of my abilities have pointed out: And, though far from meeting with that fuccefs which the greatnefs of the fubje& deferves, and my attachment to the fcience of Nature has caufed me eagerly to defire, I yet have reafon, with the Pfalmift, devoutly to exclaim,
O LORD! : flow great are thy works! A brutifh man knoweth them not, Neither doth the fool underfiand them.
, LIST * Preface to the Muf. Worm. p. 1.. + Seneca.
14 LINNZAN INTRODUCTION.
LIST OF THE SEVERAL EDITIONS OF THE SYSTEMA NATUR.
1. Leyden, 1735. Imperial folio, confifting of 12 pages; publifhed under the infpetion of J. F. Gronovius at my defire. This is only a view, or general outline, of the work; like a geographical map, which gives only a general idea of a country to be afterwards more particularly delineated in a topographical plan.
2. Stockholm, 1740. O&tavo, 80 pages. Revifed by myfelf, and with the addition of the nomen- clature and characters of animals.
3. Hall, 1740. Oblong quarto, 70 pages. Publifhed by J. J. Langen. The fame as No. 1. with the addition of a German tranflation.
4. Paris, 174c. Oétavo, 180 pages, and 1 plate. Publifhed by B. Juffieu. The fame as No. 2. with the addition of French names.
5. Hall, 1747. Octavo, 88 pages. Publifhed by M. G. Agnethler. The fame as No. 2. with the German names added.
6. Stockholm, 1748. Odtavo, 232 pages, and 8 plates. Augmented by myfelf with the addition of the effential charaéters of vegetables, and the fpecies of animals and minerals.
4. Leipfig, 1748. OGtavo, 232 pages, and 8 plates. Publifhed by the bookfellers. The fame as No. 6. with the addition of German names.
8. Stockholm, 1753. Octavo, 136 pages. ‘The vegetables edited by J. J. Haartman; and the mineral kingdom, in octavo, by H. Moller.
g. Leyden, 1756. O&tavo, 226 pages. Publifhed by Gronovius. The fame as No. 6. with fome very fmall additions refpe@ting birds and fithes.
10. Stockholm, 1758, OGtavo. Publifhed, with very large additions, by mytelf.
11. Leipfig, 1742. OGtavo. A faulty pirated edition, with no improvements.
12. Stockholm *. In this edition, publifhed by myfelf, are inferted,
All the fpecies of animals which have come to my knowledge, with their differential characters, fynonimous terms, places, and trivial names; the whole Method and Arrangement of the Animal Kingdom being improved in confequence of more extenfive obfervation.
The clafs of Fithes is firft arranged in a new method, taken from the rays of the fins.
The charaéters and differences of Plants are improved and amended.
The fpecies of Minerals are augmented with additional obfervations and trivial names.
To the whole is prefixed new obfervations on the Kingdoms of Nature, with an introductory dif-
courfe concerning Nature t.
In
* There is no date given of this edition, which is Ryled his wtima penultimaque editio —T.
+ In this lit may be added, 13. Leipfig 1788. Publithed by Profeifor Gmelin, with very large im- provements, derived from all the Zoological writers and travellers fince 1706; from which edition this tranflation is taken, with feverel additions from fources that have net occurred to the learned Profeflor,
which will be noticed in their proper places.—T,
LINNZ AN INTRODUCTION. 15
In this undertaking I have been affifted by the following collections:
1. The Mufeum of King Adolphus Frederic: The firft volume of a defcriptive catalogue of which was publifhed, in folio, at Stockholm, 1754; and a profpectus of the fecond volume, in o¢tavo, at the fame place in 1764. Both volumes are rich in exotic animals.
2. The Mufeum of Queen Louifa Ulrica: Publifhed, in oftavo, at Stockholm, 1764; very rich in fhells and infects.
3- The Mufeum of Count Teffin; Publifhed, in folio, at Stockholm, 1753; rich in minerals and thells.
4. The Mufeum of C. de Geer; rich in amphibious animals, infects, and other rare productions of nature.
5. The Mufeum of the Academy at Upfal; ftored with animals collected from every part of the world,
6. The Mufeum of the Academy of Sciences of Stockholm; containing many fine natural pro-
duétions.
For the advancement of this fcience, I have made journeys to examine the natural productions of the following countries :
Lapland, in 1732. Unpubtithed.
Dalekarlia, in 1784. Unpublifhed.
Oeland, in 1741. Publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1745, octavo.
Gothland, in 1741. Publifhed along with the preceding.
Welftgothland, in 1746. Publithed, in Swedith, at Stockholm in 1747, o¢tavo.
Scania, in 1749. Publifhed in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1751, octavo.
With the fame views I publifhed the Fauna Suecica at Stockholm in 1746, which was republifhed, with large additions, in 1761, both in otavo. And TI have written on the fame fubjects in the Ameenitates Academicae, fix volumes oétavo ; publifhed at Stockholm in 1749—1763, the 7th vol. in 1769, and the 8th and oth volumes, publifhed under the infpection of Mr Schreber at Erlang, in 1785 *.
I have likewife employed the information received from the following {cientific journeys, under- taken by my former pupils. C. Ternfiroem, into Afia in 1745: He died at Pulocondore. P, Kalm, through Penfylvania and Canada, 1747. i His journey in N. America was publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm, 1753—1750, in 3 vols.. octavo. q ZL... Moutinus, into Lula Lapmark in 1749. F. Haffelquif, through Egypt and Paleftine in 1749. His journey through Paleftine was publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm, in 1757, oftavo. * This latter circumftance muft neceffarily be an addition to the Linnzan enumeration by Dr Gmee lin.—T,
x6 LINNEAN INTRODUCTION,
O. Torenius, to Malabar and Surat in 1750. P. Ofbeck, to China and Java in 1750.
His journey to the Eaft Indies was publifhed, in Swedith, at Stockholm, 1757, octavo. P. Loeflingius, to Spain and America in 1751.
His journey through Spain was publithed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1758, o¢tavo. P. F. Bergius, to the Mle of Gothland in 1752. AL, Kachler, into Italy and Apulia in 1752.
s
D. Solander, through Piten and Tornao Lapland in 1753. D. Rolander, to Surinam and St Euftatius in T7150
A. R. Martin, to Spitfbergen in 1758.
{. Alfroemer, through the fouth of Europe in 1760.
JF. Falk, to Gothland in 1760.
EE ee
The purpofe of this work will be fully accomplifhed if it fhould hence forwards induce travellers, and curious inquirers, to examine carefully after known facts in natural hiftory ; to ftudy fuch ca- binets of natural hiftory as are acceflible; and tb infert all new and not infignificant fatts in the journals or tranfaGtions of their country: By thefe means the {cience of Nature will more readily be advanced, and vulgar errors be expofed; the generic and trivial names will be rendered more fixed; the foundations of economy, derived from this {cience, will be eftablifhed ; and the elements of a true Theology will be formed.
In the mean time, till thefe things can be perfected, by a more extenfive and fuller knowledge of Nature, the following work is offered to the public.
Thou haft taught me,O GOD, from my youth up, and even until now I will tell of thy wondrous
works.
UpsaL, 1766.
THE
Bi MeP: ERE yy. QoF wNs A T. Ui RE.
WAKENED, as if from a dream of ignorance, I have feen darkly, as he pafled,
the Eternal, Infinite, Omnifcient, Almighty Gop, and am amazed! I have read
of him in fome traces of his wondrous works, the {malleft of which, though compara- tively infignificant, even to a degree of nothingnels, evinces the moft incomprehenfible perfe€tion of Power and Wifdom. I have obferved that the animal world depends for exiftence on the vegetable kingdom, that the vegetables draw their fuftenance fiom ter- reftrial matter, and that this laft originates from the Earth. The world moves in an undifturbed orbit round the Sun, from which it is fupplied with genial heat, the foun- tain of life: The Sun itfelf revolves round its axis, accompanied by the planets; and the whole fyftems on fyftems of the ftars, in inconceivable vaftnefs of number and di- menfions, fufpended on nothing, all move through free fpace, by the mediation of a force derived from “ the great firft Mover; the Being of Beings; the Caufe of all ** Caufes; the Preferver and Governor of the Univerfe; the Lord and Archite@t of “¢ this vaft mundane fyftem *.”?—** Should we to this incomprehenfible power give the
DN
“© namie of Fate, we fhall not err, for on this every thing that is depends: Shall we ** call it Nature, we are right, for from this every thing derives its being: If we fay ** that it is Providence, we fay truly, for by its guidance the Univerfe accomplithes all
n
“* its operations +.”’—‘: All is fenfe, all eye, all ear, all mind, all foul; every thing is ** in Him, and He in all things. Beyond this, even the conjectures of fancy are be- ** wildered in their attempts to inveftigate }.”—‘* The Deity is equally eternal and “* beyond conception infinite, neither begotten nor created ||.”’—‘* Hr, withour whom
¢
n
there is nothing, who hath begun and completed every thing that is, who both fills
“* our eyes with wonder, and eludes our utmoft obfervation, Hz is only to be feen by
““ humble * Arifotle. t Seneca, Quaelt, ii. 45. On this fubje&, however, we muft Le cautious not
to aflume the effe@ for the caufe, { Exodus, xx. 4. || Pliny’s Nat. Hilt. ii. 7.
Moz, 1. Cc
38 Te Hit E EM Pe DR
** humble contemplation of his perfections; for His Glory fhines in the fplendour of “* holy and impenetrable retirement, to which only the foul hath accefs *.”
The univers includes every thing that exifts under Gop, and which can come under our obferyation by the agency of our fenfes. Thefe are the ftars, the elements, and the world, whirling round with never ceafing and unerring velocity.. ‘‘ We per- ‘© ceive that the fteady motions of thefe bodies muft depend on the power of eternal “* laws, and that the order of their apparently wandering courfe cannot proceed at ** random; neither have the other orbs been colleéted with fuch infinite contrivance “* that the vaft mafs of our world might remain immoveable, on purpofe only to view . ‘* the heavens revolve around +.”
The ftars are the moft remote lucid bodies of the creation which revolve in a perpetual motion: They either fhine by their own proper light, as the Sun, and the other more remote fixed ftars; or they are planets deriving light from other ftars. Of thefe latter bodies, the primary planets, belonging to the Solar Syftem, are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Earth, Venus, and Mercury {. Some of thefe primary planets have fecondaries, or fatellites, which follow the motions of the primary round which they revolve; as the Moon round the Earth, and feveral others of a fimilar kind. ‘* Neither can fo vaft ** a machine fubfift without a preferver, nor can the regular courfe of the {tars be ‘¢ produced by the impetus of a fortuitous caufe ; for whatever is fet in motion by the “¢ effe€t of chance will frequently have its progrefs difturbed, and muft fpeedily be ‘* jumbled together ||.’
The elements are the moft fimple natural fubftances; of them the atmofpheres of the planets are compofed ; and by them, in all probability, the {paces between the ftars are filled.
“FIRE, is luminous, refilient, warm, evolant, vivifying. AIR, tranfparent, __ elaflic, dry, encircling, generating. WATER, diaphanous, _ fluid, moift, gliding, conceiving. EARTH, opake, fixed, cold, quiefcent, barren.
“¢ Thus the whole order of this world is formed from confufion §.”’ The
* Seneca, vii. 31. 7 [bid, { To thefe add the Georgium Sidus, difcavered by. Herfchel.—T. | Seneca. § Helmontius.
O98 1 RN M Or Ul RES “19
The Earth is a planetary fphere, which turns round its axis once every twenty-four hours, and which revolves in an yearly orbit round the Sun; it is furrounded by an elementary atmofphere, and covered by a ftupendous cruft of natural bodies, the mere furface of which forms the whole object of our f{cience. This globe is terraqueous, or compofed of land and water; its more deprefled parts are overflowed with water, and gently prefled together by the fea; the more elevated parts are deferted by the water, and gradually enlarge into dry and habitable continents. This dry land is fprinkled by vapours, which, rifing from the water, are gathered into clouds by the action of the air; by this means the higheft Alpine mountains, covered with eternal fnows, furnifh rivulets which unite to form perpetually flowing rivers: Thefe, pervading the thirfty earth, afford moifture to the produétions of the ground, which ferve as food for the living inhabitants : At the fame time the motion of the winds excites a genial fire, which fupplies vivifying heat to natural bodies. ‘‘ The revolutions of the elements are “¢ alternate, and the changes among all things are reciprocal; fo that whatever is loft
%* 9)
- by one is received by fomething elfe *.
‘¢ Nature is the immutable law of Gop, by which alone every thing is, and adts, *¢ and is appointed to aét }.”’ This artificer of all things, taught by its own laws, by none inftructed, never aéts by ftarts; it works filently, following what is moft proper in all its operations ; nothing is performed in vain, and nothing done fuperfluoufly ; ‘each objeét receives what is neceffary to its well being, and all are uniformly provided, while Nature unremittingly purfues an undeviating tract, ‘* All things affift Nature, ‘¢ that all her works may be perfectly accomplithed {.”
Natural bodies confift of every thing that fprings from the hand of the Creator, and which enters into the conftitution of this world: Thefe are divided into the three kingdoms of Nature, the boundaries of which meet together in the order of Zoo- phites l|-
MINERALS, are concrete bodies, neither living, nor fentient.
VEGETABLES, are organized, living, and fentient bodies.
ANIMALS, are organized, living, and fentient bodies, poffefling the power of {pone taneous loco-motion.
C 2 Nature
* Seneca, ili, 10. + Helmontius. |. Seneca, iii. 29. || Or flone-plants, fuch as
coral, coralines, &c,
20 EE TUPED? EO At OR oR
‘* Nature does not confine her operations to one form, but delights in variety; fhe ‘* renews one figure out of another, not contented with uniformity in procedure, and “ rejoices in undiminifhed power *.”
The earth, as has been already obferved, is compofed of the three kingdoms of Na- ture, which conf{titute what may be called her Empire; thefe are,
Tue Minera Kinepom, which in rude maffes occupies the interior parts; being generated from falts, it is accidentally mixed together, and fafhioned by chance in the ground.
Tur VecETABLE Kinepom, clothes the furface of the earth with verdure, imbibes moifture through bibulous roots, breathes the air by its quivering leaves, celebrates nuptial feftivities in a genial metamorphofis, and continues its various kinds by the difperfion of feeds within proper limits.
Tue Anima Kincpom, adorns the external parts of the earth with fentient beings ; thefe have voluntary motion, they refpire, produce eggs by means of generation, are impelled to action by the cravings of want, by the delights of love, and by for-
_rowful pain. They likewife reftrain, within proper bounds, the numbers of animals and of vegetables by preying on both.
Man, endowed with wifdom, was formed by his Creator the moft perfe&t, laft, and nobleft of all his works on this earth; clothed with wonderful marks of the Divine Majefty, he judges, according to the limits of his fenfes and capacity, of the amazing contrivance evident in creation; he admires its aftonifhing beauties and confummate perfeGions, and, from thefe, is led humbly to adore the glorious author of all. Car- rying his views through the multiplied generations which have pafled away, he afcendg to the knowledge of the Creator ; and, looking forward to the conftant perfervation of all things, he difcovers the never failing watchfulnefs of Nature over all her works. On one hand, the Divine power is feen to enoble the earth by the production of vege- tables, and to give honour to the vegetable kingdom in its ufefulnefs to animals; on the other hand, man evidently reflects back the radiant beams of reafon towards the glorious and majeftic fountain of all perfe& wildom. ‘ Thus the whole world is full ‘© of the divine glory, while in man all his works praife God +.” Man, formed by the quickening hand of God out of the fluggifh ground, contemplates the majefty of
his
* Seneca, vil. 27+ + Pfalms..
0 WN PAU.” Un Reg ee 2r
his Author through the ends of creation; he is appointed a fit inhabitant of the earth, that he may fhew forth the praifes of the moft high. ‘ This contemplation of Nature “‘ may be juftly confidered as a celeftial pleafure efcaped from the porch of the ban. *¢ queting houfe of heaven; and the mind which partakes of it, though encumbered *¢ with the darknefs of human nature, enjoys a part of the celeftial light, and fpends ** this life below as if in a terreftrial paradife *.’”-—‘** Neither can true piety, nor the “¢ full meafure of gratitude which is due to God, be perfectly comprehended without «* a knowledge of Nature: Man was made for the contemplation and admiration of ‘¢ his God; and to this noble object the beft and readieft courfe lies through the ftudy “* of natural knowledge +.” ;
Wifdom, an emanation of the Divine Spirit, is man’s higheft perfection; by it he forms proper conclufions concerning fuch things as prefent themfelves to his fenfes, which can only take cognifance of fuch natural objects as are immediately around, and within reach of their fpheres of action. Hence the firft {tep towards the attainment of wifdom is to know natural bodies, and to diftinguifh them from each other: This diftin@iive knowledge requires that juft ideas be formed of each particular body, and of all the marks imprinted. on them by Nature, whereby they may each be difcrimi- nated from every other body ; and, that this knowledge may be communicable, diftin& proper names muft be affixed to each individual object; for, unlefs the name of any object is known, it becomes impoffible to apply fuch knowledge as may be already dif- covered on the fubject to its proper objeét. Thefe are the elements and alphabet of the Science of Nature, which cannot poflibly be ftudied to advantage by any one who is ignorant of this neceflary preliminary knowledge. ‘* When the proper genus of ** any object is unkown, even the molt accurate and elaborate defcription cannot “ convey any certain knowledge of what is meant, but muft for the moft part remain
n
* vague and uncertain }.’” Methodical
* A&. Holm.
+ Cicero.—After the death of Marcus Aurelius, the foldiers eleSted feveral Emperors who hardly knew how to write their names; thefe illiterate princes, confidering learned men as !azy and ufelefs drones, left learning entirely to the cloifters; The Monks at firft held the fludy of Nature in contempt ; they next afperfed it as unattainable; and, laftly, they perfecuted its followers as forcerers: From this time natural knowledge, and the revealed will of God, came to be confidered as contradidtory to each. other; and, from the influence of this error, many bigots, even to this day, Mill perfit in fanGtified igno- rance. Suhim, AG. Nidrof. 1763.
t Caefalpinus..
22 HE! OF WP TR &
Methodical arrangement, which is the foul of fcience, indicates evety natutal body at firft fight, fo that it may be known by its own name; and this name points out whatever the induftry of the age has difcovered concerning the body to which it be- longs: Thus, amidft the greateft apparent confufion of things, the order of Nature is feen to retain the higheft degree of exattnefs. This fy{tematic arrangement is molt conveniently divided into branches, fubordinate to each other, which have received va-
rious appellations ; thus,
Clafs, Order, Genus, Species, Variety. Highelft genus, Intermediate genus, Proximate genus, Species, Individual. Province, Diftria, Parifh, Ward, Hamlet. Legion, Batalion, Company, Mefls, Soldier. —
«For, unlefs natural bodies be reduced under regular order, and diftributed as in ** the divifions of a well regulated camp, every thing that is known concerning them
*% 49
** muft remain in confufion and uncertainty *.
The names and characters employed in fyftem mutt apply accurately to the order of arrangement, and are therefore to be divided, as above, into Claffes, Orders, Genera; Species, and Varieties. The differential characters, which diftinguifh thefe divifions and fubdivifions from each other muft likewife occupy a principal part in fy{tematic arrangement ; for it is indifpenfibly neceffary to the knowledge of any individual, that its name may be readily known and difcovered from among the reft; ‘ for if the ** names of things.be confufed, the whole {cience muft fall into inextricable perplexi- “* ty +.”? Hence one great employment of man, at the beginning of the world, mutt have been to examine created objects, and to impofe on all the {pecies names according
to their kinds.
The fcience of Nature is founded on an exaét knowledge of the nomenclature of natural bodies, and of their fy{tematic arrangement; this, like the clew of Ariadne, enables a philofopher to travel alone, and in fafety, through the devious meanderings of Nature’s labyrinth. In this methodical arrangement, the Clafles and Orders are the creatures of human invention, while the divifion of thefe into Genera and Species is the work of Nature. All true knowledge refers finally to the fpecies of things, while,
at the fame time, what regards the generic divifions is fubftantial in its nature. One
* Caéfalpinus. + Ibid.
ns
Oe RF Ae Te UNR OB 23
One order of things originates from the Creator, while the other is the work of man, and is the fubject of our prefent labour. God, beginning from the moft fimple terref- trial elements, advances through Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, and finifhes with Man. Man, on the contrary, reverfing this order, begins from himfelf, and proceeds downwards to the materials of the earth. The framer of a fy{tematic arrangement be- gins his ftudy by the inveftigation of particulars, from which he afcends to more uni- verfal propofitions; while the teacher of this method, taking a contrary courfe, firft explains the general propofitions, and then gradually defcends to particulars. Springs unite together into rivulets, and thefe conjoin to form rivers; through thefe the {kill- ful navigator afcends fo far as his art allows, but is never able to reach the original fountains. A diftin& knowledge of things being given us, we mu(t endeavour to pe- netrate farther into their particular properties, and to inveltigate, as far as we are able, their phenomena, their myfterious operations, their natures, their virtues, and their ufes. In the fcience of Natural Hiftory, through its feveral departments of the three kingdoms of Nature, lies the only fure foundation of Regimen, Medicine, and Econo- my, both that which regards the arts of life, and that which is followed in the opera- tions of Nature. ‘‘ Happy are thofe who cultivate this fcience, if they know and em-
199
** ploy juftly the bleflings which they enjoy !
All created things are proofs of the Divine power and wifdom, and fertile fources of human happinefs; in their proper ufe the goodnefs of God is manifefted to man; from their beauty and fitnefs the wifdom of the Creator fhines forth; and, from the admirable economy which appears in their prefervation, their juft proportions to each other, and in the means employed for their perpetual renovation, the power of the Divine Majefty is moft clearly fhewn: Therefore the difcovery of thefe things has in all ages been highly efteemed and earneftly profecuted by the wife and truly learned ; while this ftudy hath only been defpifed by the ignorant and the foolifh.
~ [will declare thy wondrous works, O Lord! and all the generations of the earth Shall Speak of the might of thy terrible ads.
FHE
THE
SAN OMS ACE! 8 Tae) D4OONE
NIMALS poffefs fenfation through the powers of a living organization, which is
animated by the action of a medullary fubftance; they perceive by the energy
of nerves, and move themfelves from place to place by the exertions of their will. The
life of their animated, and perpetually moving, hydraulic machines, is fuftained by an
eleétrico-etherial lambent flame, which originates in the brain; and in it is the refi- dence of the will, the incomprehenfible caufe of voluntary motion.
Nature, munificent in the multiplication of her works almoft to prodigality, has or- dained that animal life fhould originate in minutenefs beyond conception; it is gene- rated in a fluid, and begins to exift in the liquid matter of an egg; for, as has long ago been obferved by Ariftotle, ‘* every living thing arifes from an egg.” The egg within its coats, which often contain the white or glutinous matter, is always compoled of a yolk; floating on the upper furface of this 1s inferted the pulfatory fpeck, or pundtum faliens ; this enlarges, by a {pecies of vegetation, into an embryo, which, like a plant by its ftem, is attached by the umbilical chord, and rooted in the placenta of the yolk.
The prolific mother, before conception, produces a living medullary abridgement of a new animal, perfectly refembling her own-kind, fimilar to the p/ume in vegetable feeds, which has been called the carina of Malpighius. This, through the male in- fluence, analogous to the action of the farina foecundans, or pollen of plants, affumes to itfelf a heart, which ramifies through the whole of its minute body ; for it is oblerved that the pulfatory {peck, or pundium faliens, of the hatching egg, firlt prefents to view a beating heart, and a brain, with its medulla oblongata. ‘This little heart, which {tops when cold, is excited to action by the influence of genial heat; and into this the gra- dual expanfion of the air bubble preffes the nourifhing liquors, through proper vafcular canals prepared for their conveyance. ‘The firlt rudiment, therefore, of life in living animals is only a medullary ramification continued from the firft creation of each {pe- cies; hence the egg may be confidered as a living medullary bud, exiting from the
very
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 2.5
very origin of the mother, though it does not affume its own proper exiftence till it be furnifhed, by impregnation, with the paternal heart. From this it follows, that equivocal generation is an impoflible abfurdity.
The hydraulic animal machine refembies that of vegetables, but is exclufively con- joined with a vaft number of faculties which are lodged in, or are dependent on the ftruture of, the brain. The foft internal medullary pith ftretches out from the brain, as from a bulbous root, into a fimple /fem, which is infinitely fubdivided in its courfe, and fends out nervous filaments, fimilar to itfelf, for the fupply of every part of the body. The hardened inward woody matter, which, covering the former, arifes from the fkull as from a root, elongates into the vertebral /?cm, is articulated by moveable joints, and branched with oppofite boughs ; to thefe are attached the fibrous, flefhy, and con- tractile mufcles, analogous to /eaves, {preading in determinate order, and having their extremities fixed to the neareft joints. The external cortical fubftance is rooted inter- nally in the lacteals, meets together in the heart, as a bulb, and fpreads out in a double and fimilar vafcular /lem, which branches fimilarly into infinitely ramified double ‘wigs ; from the extreme bifurcation of thefe arife the genital parts of frudtification.
The interior faculties of the animal machine are, 1ft, The animal, electric, motive faculty, or artifan of its divine life; this, acting fecretly within the organized bulbous brain, wills and thinks, and, fpreading its influence through the eleétrical threads of the nerves, rules and governs the whole machine. 2d, The vital pneumatic faculty, which, refiding in the lungs, abforbs the vital principle from the air for fupporting animal heat, and for preferving the living principle. 2d, he natural hydraulic facal- ty, which refides in the vafcular fyftem, and originates from the perpetually moving heart ; this alternately receives the fluids from, and propels them to, every part of the machine, adding or taking them away according to neceflity, and perpetually guarding again{t deficiency or redundance, 4th, The digeftive faculty, which, refiding in the alimentary canal, prepares proper juices for being taken up by the laéteal veffels, which carry them into the fy{tem, for the nourifhment and fupport of the whole. 5th, The genial fpermatic faculty, which is placed at the extremity of the trunk containing the animal and natural faculties; this conjoins the influence of the nervous and vafcular organs, and gives origin to a diftin& animalcular machine, in every refpect fimilar to the parent {tock.
The inftruments of the fenfes are phyfical organs, placed at the extremities of nerves derived immediately from the brain: Through the influence of thefe the animal, by a igi Le. D Divine
26 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
Divine contrivance, is enabled to perceive external objects.—The rve is a camera ob- fcura, which paints external objects in their juft forms, proportions, and colours.— The ear is a drum, compofed of a tight membrane ftreached over the cochlea, which gives perception of found, in confequence of tremulous motions excited by the air.— The nosz is a broad, convoluted, humid membrane, which arrefts the volatile effluvia which float in the air—The Toncur, befet with little {pongy papillae, attraéts fuch fubftances as are applied to it in a ftate of folution.—The fenfe of roucu relides in foft papillae, which are {pread every where over the fkin, and which readily affume the figure of fuch bodies as come into contact with them.
Moft animals enjoy the ufe of thefe fenfes, though all are not poffeffed of every one of them: They might have employed additional fpecies of perception, if it had plea- fed the Creator to endow them with a greater number of fenfative organs; as the magnet perceives the prefence of iron, and as amber indicates the exiftence of electri- cal phenomena: Antennae are only given to infects, and: the ufes of thefe organs are _as.much unknown to us as thofe of the Ears muft neceffarily be to that tribe of ani- mals, The Eye aéts by the agency of light; the Ear through the influence of air; the ’ fenfe of Touch is produced by the contact of folid bodies; the Nofe examines volatile fubftances by means of its nerves; and, laftly, the Tongue, by its fibrils, attracts fo- luble things, that we may be enabled to judge if they are agreeable, permitted, and fit for ufe; or whether they be difagreeable, forbidden, and noxious; and refletion induces us to choofe fuch as are grateful to our fenfes, rejecting thofe which are dif
agreeable. JOY; is childifh, fanguineous, red, oily, fpongy, warm, freely pulfing, breathing eafily, laughing, tran{piring, alert, Life. FEAR, youthful, phlegmatic, pale, watery, lax, chilling, weakly pulfing, breathing fhort, fuffocating, purging, trembling, Difeafe. ANGER, manly, choleric, yellow, {piritous, firm, hot, ftrongly pulfing, afthmatic, fnorting, urining, agitating, Medicine. GRIEF, aged, melancholic, atrabilious, acid, rigid, cold, flowly pulfing, breathing difficultly, fighing, coftive, quiefcent,, Death.
Thus,
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 27
Thus, Joy fills itfelf with the good things of this life; Fear efcapes from danger by flight; Anger defends itfelf by refiftance; and Grief mourns for the lofes and mi- feries which are incident to this mortal ftate.
The policy of Nature is equally manifefted in all its kingdoms: For, as nations até not created for the fake of their rulers, but as governors are appointed to watch over the interefts of the governed, fo herbivorous animals are created for fubjecting vege- tables under proper reftriction, and carnivorous for preventing the exuberance of thofe animals that live on vegetables; and of thefe laft the greater keep the leffer within proper bounds. Man, in his character of an animal, is intended for preferving order over all, but chiefly on his own account; excited by a favage inflinct, he exercifes tyrannic rule, that juft proportions may be perpetually preferved among the members of the natural commonwealth. ‘* Many individuals, in their turn, among the citizens of “ this great republic, vainly confpire again{ft the majefty of rational Man, their ap- © pointed chief magiftrate, whofe great employment is to acknowledge the high Au- “ thor of the whole *2? As water collects from multitudes of {mall {fprings, through enlarging rivulets, {treams, and rivers, to flow into the immenfe ocean, fo the com- monwealth of Nature, beginning from the vaftly numerous plebeian rank of animals, afcends, through lefs numerous patricians, and by a {canty nobility, to Mau, the em- peror and ruler of the whole ; while even the fmalleft animals, which, by their infinice number, poffefs vaft power and energy, contribute to the wellfare of the larger; and the lefs active give place to fuch as are more excellent: Thus Nature is never greater than when it feems compofed infinitely of little things. ‘The agents of this natural police, each appropriated to its proper department, are equally numerous with the fpe- cies of animals; all being prompted to the proper difcharge of their duty,. becaufe their own prefervation depends on that being accurately fulfilled, that nothing may be neglected, and nothing done in vain. And, le(t any one fhould encroach on the pro- vince of another, and thereby deprive his neighbour of the reward appointed to his actions, the Law of Poifon is eftablifhed, under the pain of capital punifhment, and re- corded even in the animal fenfes, chiefly thofe of tafte and fmell, left tranfgreffors, by pleading ignorance, fhould efcape.
The principal occupations of the inhabitants of Nature are:—Yo multiply their [pe- cies, that every thing may remain in juft quantity and proportion :—To prelerve equi- librium among the fpecies of animals and vegetables, that a juft proportion may for ever be continued ; this end is accomplifhed in various ways; 1{t, by annually cutting
; 1D) down
* Amoen. Acad. vi. 17.
28° THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
down the vegetable crop, that the yearly growth may be renewed ; 2d, by reftraining the numbers of fuch as become erroneous, left any of the proper fpecies be expelled ; 3d, by deftroying languid, dead, nalty, defiled, ftagnant, acid, and putrid matters, that the elegance of Nature may be preferved:—Laftly, Yo defend themfelves from ex- tin€tion, left the execution of Nature’s laws fhould be neglected.
The economy of Nature is employed in the Generation, Prefervation, and Deftruc- tion, of things; and all Nature confpires together that the works of the Creator may continue unimpared. Animals are generated in the genial influence of warm blood, having need of the care of others for their education; and, as the Creator, who could not be rewarded, took care of the firft race of individuals, this truft pafles, in the de- fcending line, to their offspring, who do not repay the labours of their parents. Pre- fervation is to be accomplifhed by the provifion of daily food, which, being widely {cattered, is therefore to be fought after with diligence; thus, want fcatters thofe over the face of the earth whom love gathers together. ‘The deftruction of one individual is neceflary for repairing the wants of another; life muft be fuftained by conftant and laborious fearch after the carcaffes of objets fit for food, and thefe do not abundantly occur : Thus, a continual devaftation of all things is produced; the more alert efcape the danger by their bravery, by defences, and by various contrivances; while the more languid fink under the perpetual warfare; the moft aéctive haften on in their courie, that Nature may perpetually rejoice in the conftant renovation of all her works.
The incentives of Nature, which are implanted in all her works, that they may readily perform their duty, are—Love, which kindly convocates the fexes, and excites to the multiplication of their kinds ;—-Craving Hunger again difperfes them, that they may labour for their prefervation; and—Horrible Pain ftirs them up to deftroy, and caufes them to avoid deftru€tion. In all, the wifdom of Gop is made manifeft.
The
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
79
The natural Divifion of Animals into Claffes, may be formed from a knowledge of
the Internal Structure:
. and two ventricles ;
A heart with two auricles ¢ Viviparous. I. se and red blood: 5
Oviparous.
and one ventricle ;
Cold red blood *:
A heart with one auricle ¢ Voluntary lungs. 2. External gills.
and one ventricle ;
A-heart with one auricle ( Having antennae. Cold colourlefs fanies :
Having tentacula.
Cl. 1. Mammalia.
Cl. 2. Birds. Amphibia.
Fifhes.
Cl. 3: Cl. 4. Cl. 5. Infects.
Cl. 6. Worms.
CHARACTERS
* Haller, Element. Phyfiol.i. 305. 307. informs us, that in all the cold blooded animals which he had diffected, he uniformly found the heart to have but one auricle and one ventricle; it is therefore furpri« fing that Haffelquift, tix. Pale. 293, fhould afcribe two of each to the crocodile, more efpecially as Borichius, Herm. Sap. Egypt. 276, had before declared its heart to have only one of each.——Lin,
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
CricElit AL CARA PRS eS
OF THE
GLASSES ORs EAE CAINE NA Toe Ten Gib Ovi:
I. MAMMALIA.
Il.
The heart has two auricles and two ventricles ; the blood is warm and red.
The lungs refpire regularly alternate.
The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other, and covered with lips; within which the teeth are, for the moft part, included.
They procreate by an intrant penis; are viviparous and la@tiferous.
Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noitrils, eyes, ears, and the cutaneous pa- pillae.
They are covered with hair; which is thin on the animals of the warmer regions, and very fcanty on aquatic animals.
Their motive organs are four legs and feet; except thofe which are ¢ entirely cons fined to the water, whofe hind legs are wanting. Mboft have tails.
BIRDS.
The heart has two auricles and two ventricles; the blood is warm and red.
The lungs refpire regularly alternate.
The jaws are horizontally incumbent, naked, flretched out, and without teeth.
The penis is fubintrant; they have no fcrotum; and are oviparous, the eggs being covered with a calcareous fhell.
Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils, eyes, and ears, without external auricles.
They are covered with incumbent, imbricated feathers, lapping over each other like flates on a roof,
Their extremities are, two legs and feet, two wings, and a heart-fhaped rump.
III.
aE
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 31
AMPHIBIA. The heart has one auricle and one ventricle; their blood is cold and red. The lungs refpire according to the will of the animal, The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other. The penis, in many fpecies, is double; the eggs of moft are membranous. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils, eyes, and ears.
They are covered with a naked {kin.
‘Their motive organs are various in different animals, and wanting in fome.
IV. FISHES.
VI.
The heart has one auricle and one ventricle; the blood is cold and red. They have comprefled external gills inftead of lungs.
The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other.
The penis is wanting in moft. The eggs have no white.
Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils? eyes, and ears.
They are covered with imbricated fcales.
Their motive organs are fins fitted for fwimming.
VEN SE) GTS.
The heart has one auricle and one ventricle, propelling, cold, colourlefs, fanies.
They breathe by pores on the fides of their bodies.
Their jaws open laterally.
They copulate by means of an intrant penis.
Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, eyes, antennae on the head, which is defti- tute of brain, and neither ears nor noftrils.
They are covered by a boney coat of mail.
Their motive organs are legs in all, and wings in a great many.
WORMS.
The heart, for the moft part, has one ventricle without any auricle, and propels a cold colourlefs fanies.
Their breathing pores are obfcure and uncertain.
Their copulation and penis are various; fome are pe eats: having both male and female parts in one individual.
Their organs of fenfe are tentacula in all, and eyes in moft; the brain, ears, and noftrils, are wanting.
They are covered with calcareous fhells, or have no covering except fpines.
They have neither feet nor fins. Thus:
*
32 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
Thus Nature, in her Menagerie, preferves Animals in fix different forms :
= 4
Mammatia, _ covered with hair, walk on the earth, Birps, ~ _ covered with feathers, fly in the air, AMPHIBIA, covered with fkin, creep in warm places, FIsHEs, covered with {cales, {wim in the water, INsEcTs, covered with armour, {kip on dry ground, Worms, without tkin, crawl in moift places,
fpeaking. finging. hiffing. {macking. buzzing. filent..
CLASS
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
ANIMALS WHICH GIVE SUCK TO THEIR YOUNG.
SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE
OF THE
Niet MM A Ih Tr A*.
f
MAN.
Sapient Man. Wild Men. Americans. Europeans. Afiatics. Africans. Montters.
Au Pep x
Dwarfifh. Gigantic. Mutilated. Beardlefs. Sharp- headed. Flat-headed.
APE.
7 ATE ES.
. Chimpanzee.
Ourang-Uutang. Pongo. Jocko.
. Great Gibbon. ~ . Leffer Gibbon.
PRIMATES.
i HOMO,
1. Homo Sapiens. «, H. Feri. s. H. Americani. vy. H. Europaei. > H. Afiatict. H. Afri. é H. Monttrofi. 1. Alpini. . Patagonici. - Monorchides. . Imberbes.
ro e
Ww bd
- Macrocephali. . Plagiocephali,
Hu $f
il SIMTIA.
Divided into SIMI #.
1. Simia troglodytes. 2. Simia Satyrus.
& §. Satyrus Pongo,
y- 5. Satyrus Jocko. 3. Simia Lar..
8,8. Lar minor.
; 7
* The figures before the Englifh names exprefs the running number in the clafs,
thofe preceding the Latin names denote the fpecies in each genus, and the Greek letters denote the varieties in each {pecies.
WD 8.
Qe id.
TA,
C AT TAML2O G gUe &.
Silvery Gibbon. Pigmy. Magot. Hog-faced Ape.
-* (BAB OOS.
. Maimon. . Little Baboon. . Great Baboon.
Mantegar.
. Mandril.
. Hoggifh Baboon.
. Wood Baboon.
. Yellow Baboon.
. Cinereous Baboon. | . Blue-faced Baboon. . Brown Baboon.
. Crefted Baboon.
sae ONCE Vics
« Dog-tailed Monkey.
. Tartarin.
. Urfine Tartarin.
. Lowando. :
- White-bearded Lowando. . Wanderu.
vinieesbearded black Wanderu.
. Tie-tie Wanderu.
. Purple-faced Wanderu. . Malbrouck.
. Macaque.
. Dog-headed Monkey. . Spotted Monkey.
. Green Monkey.
I ouftache.
. Mangabey.
y S. Lar argentea. 4. Simia Sylvanus. 5. Simia inuus.
6. Simia Suilla.
PAPIONES.
1. Papio nemeftrina. 2. Papio apedia.
_ 3. Papio Sphinx.
4 Papio Mormon. 5. Papio Maimon. 6. Papio porcaria. 7. Papio fylvicola. 8. Papio variegata. g. Papio cinerea. 10. Papio livea.
11. Papio platypygos. 12. Papio criftata.
CiE RG, O Pel Tarices Gol
1. Cercopithecus cynoturus. 2. Cercopithecus Hamadryas. ¢. C. Hamadryas urfinus.
3. Cercopithecus veter. & C. veter albibarbatus. 4. Cercopithecus Silenus. &. C. Silenus albibarbatus. y €. Silenus Tie-tie. ®, C. Silenus purpuratus. . Cercopithecus Faunus. . Cercopithecus cynomolgus.
. Cercopithecus Diana. . Cercopithecus fabaeus.
5 6 7. Cercopithecus cynocephalus. 8 9
. Cercopithecus cephus. 11. Cercopithecus aethiops.
39:
or THE MAMMALIA,
39. Collared Mangabey. 40. Egret.
41. Monea.
42. Nodding Monkey.
43. Bearded Nodding Monkey.
44. Rillow. 45. Bonneted Rillow. 46. Douc. 47. Monina. Patas. 48. Black-banded Patas.
49. White-banded:Patas.
50. Talapoin. gle Black Talapoin. 52. Agile Monkey. 53. Negro Monkey. 54. Roloway.
55. Long-nofed Monkey.
56. Prude.
57. Yellowifh Monkey. 58. Tawny Monkey. 59. Greenifh Monkey. 60. Hircine Monkey. 61. King Monkey.
62. Bay Monkey.
63. Annulated Monkey.
*** SAPAJOUS.
64, Guariba.
65. Arabata.
66. Quato,
67. Exquima.
68. Sajou.
69. Grey Sajou.
70. Horned Sapajou. 71. Brown Sapajou,
12.
8, C, aethiops torquatus. Cercopithecus aygula, 8 C. aygula Monea.
- Cercopithecus nictitans,
& C. nictitans barbatus, Cercopithecus finicus.
8. C. finicus pileatus. Cercopithecus nemaeus, Cercopithecus Mona. Cercopithecus ruber.
z, C. ruber nigrofafciatus. & C. ruber albofafciatus. Cercopithecus Talapoin. 8 C, Talapoin niger.
. Cercopithecus petauriftus. . Cercopithecus maurus.
1. Cercopithecus Roloway. . Cercopithecus nafuus.
. Cercopithecus capiftratus. » Cercopithecus luteolus.
. Cercopithecus fulvus.
. Cercopithecus viridens,
. Cercopithecus hircinus.
- Cercopithecus regalis.
- Cercopithecus badius.
. Cercopithecus fufcus.
SAP AFI.
» Sapajus Beelzebub. » Sapajus feniculus. . Sapajus panifcus.
. Sapajus Exquima. . Sapajus trepidus.
6. S. trepidus fulvus.
- Sapajus fatuellus. . Sapajus apella.
CATALOGUE
72. Sale
73. White-throated Sai. 74, Saimiri.
75: 76. 77°
Chefnut Saimiri. Magu. Variegated Sapajou.
eeeee SAG ODNS.
Saki.
79. Sanglin.
80. Yellowith Sanglin. 81. Pinche.
82. 83. 84. Tamarin.
78.
Marikina. Mico.
MAUCAUCO,
. Loris. » iaillefs Maucauco, 7. Indri. - Potto. . Mongous. . Black-faced Mongous. gi. Black Mongous, . White-handed Mongous. : Brown Mongous. . Grey Mongous. Vari. . Black Vari. . Brown Vari. . White Vari. . Pied Vari. g. Ring-tailed Maucauco. 100. Wiurine Maucauco. 101. American Maucauco. . Curley Maucauco.
8. Sapajus Capucinus. —
Io. Il.
do 26
30
4.
5° 6.
ill
Pel
Uk w& »B
Oe Ne eS
4. S. Capucinus albulus. - Sapajus fciureus. é. S. feiureus mortus. Sapajus fyrichtus. Sapajus variegatus.
SAGOINI. Sagoinus pithecia. Sagoinus Jacchus. g. S. Jacchus mofchatus. ~ Sagoinus Oedipus. Sagoinus rofalius. Sagoinus argenteus. Sagoinus Midas.
LEMUR.
. Lemur tardigradus. - . Lemur ecaudatus.
. Lemur Indri.
. Lemur Potto.
. Lemur Mongoz.
8 L. Mongoz maurus. y. L. Mongoz negro. °, L. Mongoz albipes. . L. Mongoz fufcus. — ¢ L. Mongoz cinereus.
. Lemur Macoco.
%, BL. y L. Oelas
Macoco niger. Macoco fufcus. Macoco albus. Maccco variegatus.
. Lemur Catta.
Lemur murinus. Lemur bicolor.
. Lemur laniger.
103.
or THE M‘A°M M ALT A
163. Podje. |. 11. Lemur Podje. 104. Prehenfile Maucauco. 12. Lemur prehenfilis. 105. Coluga. 13. Lemur volans. Bear iv VESPERTILIO. A. With four foreteeth in each jaw. Vampire. 1. Vefpertilio Vampyrus. 106. Rouffet. «, V. Vampyrus niger. 107. Rouget. @, V. Vampyrus fubniger. 108. Leffer Vampire. y V. Vampyrus helvus. 109. Spectre. 2. Vefpertilio Spectrum. 110. Spear-nofed Bat. 3. Vefpertilio perfpicillatus. 111. Heart-nofed Bat. 4. Vefpertilio Spafma. 112. Javelin Bat. 5- Velpertilio haftatus. 113. Leaf-nofed Bat. 6. Vefpertilio foricinus. 114. Hare-lip Bat. 7. Velpertilio leporinus. 115. Chop-fallen Bat. 8. Vefpertilio labialis. B. With four foreteeth above, and fix below. 116. Long-eared Bat. g. Vefpertilio auritus. 117. Common Bat. 10. Vefpertilio murinus, 118. Nodtule. 11. Vefpertilio Noétula. 119. Serotine. 12. Veflpertilio Serotinus. 120. Pipiftrelle. 13. Vefpertilio Pipiftrellus. 121. Barbaftelle. 14. Vefpertilio Barbaftellus. 122. Bearded Bat. 15- Vefpertilio hifpidus. C. With four foreteeth above, and eight below. 123. Striped Bat. 16. Vefpertilio pictus. 124. Reddifh Striped Bat. — g. V. pictus rubellus. D. With two foreteeth above, and fix below. 125. Senegal Bat. 17. Vefpertilio nigritia. E.. With two foreteeth above, and four below. Bull-dog Bat. 18. Vefpertilio Moloflus, 126. Greater Bull-dog Bat. - #, V. Moloflus major.
127,
127.
128. 129.
130.
F316
132.
133.
134. 135- 136.
137. 138.
139.
140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145; 146. 147+
148.
C AUT (AIL ONG © UE
Leffer Bull-dog Bat. 8. V. Moloffus minor.
F. With two foreteeth above, and none below. Cephalote. 19. Vefpertilio Cephalotes. Straw-coloured Cephalote. g. V. Cephalotes melinus.
G. With no foreteeth above, and four below.
Purfe-winged Bat. 20. Vefpertilio lepturus.
Horfe-fhoe Bat. 21. Vefpertilio ferrum-equinum. SY. Larger Horfe-fhoe Bat. # V. ferrum-equinum major. Lefler Horfe-fhoe Bat. 8. V. ferrum-equinum minor.
H. With no foreteeth in either jaw. New-York Bat. 22. Vefpertilio noveboracenfis.
I. The teeth uncertain.
Broad-winged Bat. 23. Vefpertilio lafcopterus. Broad-tailed Bat. 24. Velpertilio lafiurus. Claytons Bat. 25. Velpertilio Americanus:
i .B Rous Tea.
SLOTH. v BRAT PO ss. Al. 5 1. Bradypus tridactylus. Unau. : 2. Bradypus-didaétylus. Five-toed Sloth. 3. Bradypus pentadactylus. ANT-EATER, vi MYRMECOPHAG A Two-toed Ant-eater. 1. Myrmecophaga didadtyla. Three-toed Ant-eater. 2. Myrmecophaga tridaétyla. Great Ant-eater. 3. Myrmecophaga jubata. Short-nofed Great Ant-eater. 8, M. jubata fima. Tamandua. 4. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla. Five-toed Ant eater. 5. Myrmecophaga pentadadtyla. Little Tamanoir. 8, M. pentadaétyla minor. Cape Ant-eater. 6. Myrmecophaga capenfis.
MANIS. Vii MANTS. Pangolin. 1. Manis pentadactyla.
149.
of tHE MAMMALIA.
649. Phatagin.
ARMADILLO. 150. Apara. 151. Four-banded Armadillo. 162, ncouberto. 153. Seven-banded Armadillo. 154. Eight-banded Armadillo, 155. Nine-banded Armadillo. 156. Leverian Armadillo. 157. Kabaflou. 158 Largeft Armadillo. 159. Cirquingon. 160. Long-tailed Armadillo.
RHINOCEROS.
161. One-horned Rhinoceros. 162. Two-horned Rhinoceros.
SUKOTY RO. 163. Javan Sukotyro.
HEP EA INT,
164. Great Elephant. 165. American Elephant.
WALRUS.
166. Morfe.
167- Dugon. Fifh-tailed Walrus.
168. Lamentin.
169. Manati.
170. Sea-aper
2. Manis tetradactyla.
vill DASYPUS. 1. Dafypus tricinGus. 2. Dafypus quadricin@us. 3. Dafypus fexcinctus. 4. Dafypus feptemcinctus. 5. Dafypus otocinctus. 6. Dafypus novemcinctus. 6. D. novemcinétus leverianus, 7. Dafypus duodecemcingtus, 8. Dafypus maximus. g. Dafypus novemdecemcinétus, 10. Dafypus longicaudatus.
1X RAINOCE ROS.
1. Rhinoceros unicornis. 2. Rhinoceros bicornis.
x SU KOT IR OG,
1. Sukotyro indicus.
vo Rl Ei Tis Pd AS
1. Elephas maximus. 2. Elephas americanus.
XI1 TRICHECHUS,
1, Trichechus Rofmarus,
2. Trichechus Dugon.
3. Trichechus Manatus. #, TY. Manatus auftralis. @ ‘TY. Manatus borealis. v T. Manatus Siren.
171. 172. 173s 174. 175. 176. 177 D7. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 18g. 190. 1g. 192. 193- 194.
395. 196. 197. 198. 199-
G A, Ti ADT. OW GisDe Es
Ill. Dw GAWIE:
Urfine Seal. Bottle-nofed Seal. Maned Seal.
Common Seal. Bothnic Common Seal. Siberian Common Seal. Cafpian Common Seal. Hooded Seal. Swartfide.
Bedlemer.
Neitfek. Newfoundland Seal. Klapmus.
Great Seal.
Little Seal. :
Chilefe Seal. Long-necked Seal. Falkland Seal.
Parfons Seal. Harnefled Seal.
Wooly Seal.
Speckled Seal.
Spotted Seal.
Black Seal.
DOG.
Faithful Dog. Shepherds Dog. Pomeranian Dog. Siberian Dog. iceland Dog. Great Water Dog.
FER &. xiii. P HO Cds
1. Phoca urfina. 2. Phoca leonina. 3. Phoca jubata. 4. Phoca vitulina. g. P. vitulina botnica. y P. vitulina fibirica. ®, P. vitulina cafpica. 5. Phoca monachus, 6. Phoca groenlandica. 6. P. groenlandica niger,
7. Phoca hifpida.
g. P. hifpida quadrata.
8. Phoca criftata. g. Phoca barbata. 10. Phoca pufilla. 11. Phoca chilenfis. 12. Phoca mutica. 13. Phoca auttralis. 14. Phoca teftudo. 15. Phoca fafciata. 16. Phoca laniger. 17. Phoca pun¢tata. 18. Phoca maculata. 19. Phoca nigra.
XIV Gd RN his:
1. Canis familiaris. #, Canis domefticus. 8, Canis pomeranus. y. Canis fibericus. ®, Canis iflandicus. ‘, Canis aquaticus major.
or THe M A MM A L’'I A.
200. Leffer Water Dog. 201. Pyrame.
*, King Charles’s Spaniel.
**, French Pyrame. 202. Spaniel. 203. Shock Dog. 204. Lion Dog. 205. Little Danifh Dog. 206. Baftard Pug Dog. 207. Pug Dog.
a. Artois Dog.
b. Alicant Dog. - 208. Bull Dog. 209. Maltiff. 210. German Hound. 211. Hound. 212. Blood Hound.
214. Pointer.
215. Barbet.
216. Grey-hound.
217. Irifh Grey-hound..
218. Turkifh Grey-hound.
219. Common Grey-hound.
220. Rough Grey hound.
221. Italian Grey-hound.
222. Oriental Grey-hound.
223, Naked Dog. r
224. Lurcher.
225. Rough Lurcher.
226. Boar Lurcher.. Turnfpit.
227. Straight-legged Turnfpit.
228. Crook-legged Turnfpit.
229. Shaggy Turnfpit. Alco.
¢, Canis aquaticus minor. x, Canis brevipilis. *, C. brevip. regalis. **, C. brevip. gallicus. 9, Canis extrarius. » Canis melitaeus, x. Canis leoninus. ae Canis variegatus. wv, Canis hybridus. » Canis fricator. a. C. fricator gallicus. b. C. fricator hifpanicus. z. Canis Moloflus. e. Canis anglicus. a. Canis fagax. e- Canis gallicus. c. Canis fcoticus. 7. Canis venaticus. v Canis avicularis. g. Canis aquatilis. ye Canis curforius. y. C. curforius hibernicus, #. C. curforius turcicus. az, Canis Grajus. pg. CG. Grajus hirfutus, vv. C. Grajus italicus, **, C. Grajus orientalis. 2, Canis aegyptius. «« Canis Laniarius. ég. C. Laniarius aprinus.. ai C. Laniarius fuillus. $9. Canis Vertegus. a. C. Vertegus rectus. b. €. Vertegus valgus. c. C. Vertegus villofus, « Canis americanus.
230. 2yailte 292. 2336 234. aire 236. 227. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243 244. 245- 246. 247. 248.
249. 250. 251. 25 26 253. . Grey Fox.
o tn aS
b&b b L th ta th ann AN
bm wp OV ta Un O 0
UA PALO mG wd ie,
Fat Alco. Techichi. New-Holland Dog. Wolf.
Yellow Wolf. White Wolf. Black Wolf. Striped Wolf. Mexican Wolf. White Mexican Wolf. Surinam Wolf, Striped Hyaena. Abyflinian Hyaena. Spotted Hyaena, Jackal.
Cape Jackal. Barbary Jackal. Black Fox. Common Fox. Brant Fox. American Brant Fox, Coal Fox.
Corfac Fox. Karagan.
Silvery Fox.
Artic Fox.
. White Arctic Fox. . Bluifh Arétic Fox. . Crofs Fox.
. Chilefe Fox.
; Antartic Fox. Gerda
a. C. americanus obefus. b. C. americanus plancus.
2, Canis antarticus. 3. Canis Lupus.
CoN DN
Q- 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
17. 18.
19.
#. C. Lupus flavus. 6. C. Lupus albus. ». C. Lupus niger. se C. Lupus fafciatus.
. Can. Lupus mexicanus.
8, C, Lupus mexic. albus.
. Can. Lupus Thous.
. Canis Hyaena.
. C. Hyaena aethiopicus, - C. Hyaena Crocuta.
Canis aureus. Canis Mefomelas. Canis Adive. .
C. Vulpes Lycaon. C. Vulpes vulgaris. C. Vulpes Alopex.
«. C. Vulp. Alopex americanus,
@. C. Vulp. Alopex europaeus, C. Vulpes Corfac.
C. Vulpes Karagan.
C. Vulpes cinereo-argenteus. C. Vulpes virginianus.
C. Vulpes Lagopus.
#, C. Vulp. Lagop. albus.
8. C. Vulp. Lagop. cerulefcens, . C, Vulpes cruciger. - C. Vulpes chilenfis. . C. Vulpes auftralis, » Canis Cerdo,
CAT.
or toy MAMMALIA.
C, Ak.
261. Lion. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274+ 275. 276. 277% 278,
Tiger. Panther. Ounce. Leopard.
Jaguar. Ocelot.. Guepard. Jaguarete. Puma. Couguar. Margay.
Manul. Serval. Common Cat. Wild Cat. Domettic Cat. Angora Cat.
279+ 280. 281. 282. 2.33. 284. 285. 286. 287.
Blue Cat.- Red Cat. Chinefe Cat.
Saca.
XV
FELIS,
* With long tails, and plain ears. 1. Felis Leo. 2. Felis Tigris..
Leffler Leopard.
Mexican Tiger-cat. H Bengal Tiger-cat. 1 Cape Tiger-cat. 16. . Felis Manul.
. Felis Serval.
- Felis Catus.
. Catus ferus.
. Catus domefticus.
Tortoife-fhell Cat.
Long headed Cat.
me LY IN 2 Bis. With fhort tails, and pencilled ears,
288. Cafpian Lynx.
289. Mountain Lynx.
. Felis Pardus.
. Felis Uncia.
. Felis Leopardus. » Felis Leopardalis. . Felis Onca.
» Felis Pardalis,
- Felis jubata.
. Felis difcolor.
. Felis concolor.
» Felis Couguar.
. Felis tigrina.
. Felis mexicana.
. Felis bengalenfis..
Felis capenfis.
a,
8,
Le
bef bey) ey yey tf dy
- Catus angorenfis. - Catus hifpanicus. . Catus caeruleus. . Catus ruber.
. Catus finenfis.
. Catus aureus.
. Catus madagafcarenfis..
LY NCES,
1, Lynx Chaus.
d. 2.
2, Lynx montana..
2903
i ee tv pt (= wom G WO a
v
EN} (SS) AUS (oS) SE] = WY) GSS Go
COAST VANL JOKE A ©
. Perfian Lynx.
- Bengal Lynx.
- Booted Lynx.
- Barbary Lynx. - Common Lynx,
White Lynx.
. Yellow Lynx.
Thibet Lynx. Canadian Lynx.
. American Lynx.
Fid C.4.EoT, ..
Egyptian Ichneumon.
. Indian Ichneumon. . Cafrarian Ichneumon. . African Ichneumon.
Zenik,
. Surikate.
. Coati.
. Coati-mondi.
; ‘Goatles
» Quasje.
. Striped Skunk.
. White Skunk.
. Conepatl.
. Zorilla.
. Mapurito.
. Grifon.
. Ceylon Fitchet.
. Cape Fitchet.
», \Givets
. LAibet.
, Hermaphrodite Fitchet. . Spanifh Genet.
. St Germains Genet. . Leyerian Genet.
Io.
Lynx Caracal. Lynx bengalenfis.
. Lynx nubienfis.
Lynx lybienfis.
Lynx vulgaris.
& Lynx vulg. alba.
y. Lynx vulg. melina.
®. Lynx vulg. maculata.
. Lynx canadenfis.
Lynx rufa. VIVE RRA,
. Viverra Ichneumon. . Viverra Mungo.
. Viverra cafra.
. Viverra Nems,
. Viverra Zenik.
. Viverra tetrada¢tyla.
Viverra nafua. Viverra narica.
. Viverra vulpecula.
.Viverra Quasje.
. Viverra Putorius. . Viverra Mephitis. . Viverra Conepatl. . Viverra Zorilla.
. Viverra Mapurito. . Viverra vittata.
. Viverra zeylanica- . Viverra capenfis. . Viverra Civetta.
. Viverra Zibetha.
. Viverra hermaphrodita. . Viverra Genetta. . Viverra gallica.
. Viverra annulata.
224.
224. 525. 326. 327: 328. 329+ 330. QT.
232. 333° 334- 335° 336. 337° 338. 339> 340.
34l. 342. 343° 344. 345° 340. 347: 348. 349+ 350 351. 3526 353°
OF
Foffane.
Bizaam.
Poto.
Kinkajou.
Ratel.
Striped Fitchet.
Malayan Fitchet. Spotted Fitchet.
WEASEL.
*“ OTTERS.
Sea Otter. Brafilian Otter. Saricovienne.
-Chilefe Otter.
Common Otter. Canadian Otter. Lefer Otter. Cayenne Otter. Minx.
** WEASELS.
Tayra.
Galera.
Vanfire.
Pekan.
Vifon.
Common Martin. Pine Martin. Guiana Martin. Cayenne Martin. Sable.
White Sable. American Sable. Black Sable.
THe M AM
25. 26. a7. 28. 29. 30. Kine aa.
XVil
MA LI A.
Viverra Foffa. Viverra tigrina. Viverra caudivolvula. Viverra prehenfilis. Viverra mellivora. Viverra fafciata. Viverra malaccenfis. Viverra maculata.
MUST ELA,
Divided into
OO OoN Ata Po db
=
Il. 12.
00 oN AH foo HY w
LUTR AR
. Lutra Lutris.
. Lutra brafilienfis. - Lutra paraguenfis. . Lutra chilenfis,
. Lutra pifcatoria.
. Lutra canadentfis. . Lutra fulva.
- Lutra guianenfis.
. Lutra Minx.
MUSTEL &,
. Muftela barbara.
. Muttela Galera.
» Muttela afra.
- Muftela canadenfis. - Muftela Vifon.
. Muftela Foina.
Muftela Martes.
. Muftela guianenfis. - Muftela laniger. . Muftela Zibellina.
@. M. Zibellina alba. M. Zibeliina americana. M, Zibellina nigra,
3948
C ALT AIL OE QE
354. Polecat.
355. Ferret.
356. Sarmatian Weafel.
357. Siberian Weafel.. Ermine.
358. Stoat.
359. White Ermine.
360. Common Weafel.
361. Snow Weafel.
364. . Brown Bear.
. Grey Bear.
. Variegated Bear. . White Bear.. 369. 37.2: 374s Siiee a7 3" 3/4 375° 376. 3/7: 378.
379: 380.
381.
382. 383.
. Yellow Weafel: . Chilefe Weafel.
BE AR.
Common Bear.. Black Bear..
Polar Bear. American Bears. Sand Bear. Common Badger. White Badger. Spotted Badger. American Badger.. Indian Badger. Racoon.
White Racoon. Wolverene. Glutton.
White Glutton..
OPOSSUM. Amboina Opoffum..
Brafilian Opoffum,
13. Muftela Putoria.. 14. Mutftela Furo. 15. Muftela farmaticas. 16. Muftela fibirica. 27. Muftela Erminea. ae M. Erminea aeftiva,. 6. M. Erminea hyberna.. 18, Muftela vulgaris. B. M. vulg. nivalis. 1g. Muftela melina: 20. Muftela Quiqui.
XViil OOR S US.
1.. Urfus Arétos.. #, U. Arctos niger.. &.. U. Arétos fufcus.. y- U. Arctos grifeus. & U.. Arctos variegatus.. « U. Arétos albus.. 2. Urfus maritimus.. 3. Urfus americanus. 4. Urfus tetradactylus.. 5. Urfus Meless & U. Meles alba. vy. U. Meles maculata:. 6. Urfus labradorius.. 7. Urfus indicus. 8. Urfus Lotor. s-. U. Lotor melinus.. 9: Urfus lufcus. to.. Urfus Gulo. &. U. Gulo albus;
DTD EL PUATS
1. Didelphis marfupialis. 2. Didelphis Philander, 3545
OF Tw:
. Sarigue.
- Molucca Opoffam.
. Virginian Opoffum.
» Cayopollin.
. Murine Opoffum.
. Guiana Opoffum.
. Surinam, Opoffum.
. Cayenne Opofium. New-Holland Opoffum.
Short-tailed Opoffum.
. Oriental Opoffum.
Javan Opoflum.
. Kanguru.
Phillips Opoffum,
. Vulpine Opoflum.
Spotted Opoffum.
. Flying Opoffum.
MOLE, European Mole.
. Black Mole.
. Variegated Mole. . White Mole.
. Grey Mole.
American Mole. Crefted Mole.
. Long-tailed Mole. . Brown Mole.
. Red Mole.
. Gilded Mole.
SH R.BoW.
. Minute Shrew. . Muiky Shrew. . Water Shrew. . Javan Shrew.
M
AM M ALA,
io. TEs 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
. Didelphis Opoffum. . Didelphis molucca.
. Didelphis virginiana. . Didelphis Cayopollin.
Didelphis murina.
- Didelphis guianenfis. . Didelphis dorfigera.
Didelphis cancrivora. Didelphis caudivolvula. Didelphis brachyura. Didelphis orientalis. Didelphis Brunii. Didelphis gigantea. Didelphis tridaétyla. Didelphis vulpecula.
18. Didelphis maculata.
19.
XX
Didelphis volans. Di Ay EF od,
x. Talpa europaea. «, Talpa europ. nigra.
& Talpa europ. variegata.
yw Talpa europ. alba. ®, Talpa europ. cinerea.
2. Talpa flava.
3. Talpa criftata. 4. Talpa longicaudata.
5. Talpa fufca. 6. Talpa rubra. 7
. Talpa aurea.
XX1
I, 2.
3.
4,
SO REX:
Sorex minutus. Sorex mofchatus. Sorex fodiens. Sorex murinus.
415.
AIS. 416. 417. 418, 419.
420.
421. Ho, 423. 424. 425. A26, 4276
428. 429. 430. 431. 432.
434+ 435°
436.
437- 438. 439:
440.
44l.
CAXZUE OO C VS
Fetid Shrew. Labradore Shrew. Grey Labradore Shrew. Surinam Shrew. Timid Shrew. Brafilian Shrew. Pigmy Shrew.
Blue Shrew. Mexican Shrew. White-footed Shrew. Square-tailed Shrew. Carinated Shrew. Uniform Shrew.
URCHIN.
Common Urchin. Guiana Urchin. Malacca Urchin. Siberian Urchin.. Tendrac.
Tanrec..
XX
5. Sorex Araneus. 6. Sorex ar€ticus. &. Sorex arét. cinereus:
7. Sorex furinamenfis.
8. Sorex pufillus.
g. Sorex brafilienfis.
To. Sorex exilis.
11. Sorex cerulaeus. 12. Sorex mexicanus.
13. Sorex albipes. 14. Sorex. quadricaudatus.. 15. Sorex liricaudatus.. 16. Sorex unicolor.
. Erinaceus europaeus.
. Erinaceus inauris.
. Erinaceus malaccenfiss. . Erinaceus auritus.
. Erinaceus fetofus.
. Erinaceus ecaudatus..
Aw Kw DN
Meek I ROE S.
PORCUPINE.
Crefted Porcupine. Italian Porcupine. Indian Porcupine. Brafilian Porcupine.
Larger Brafilian Porcupine.
Leffer Brafilian Porcupine. Mexican Porcupine. Canadian Porcupine.
White Canadian Porcupine.
Long-tailed Porcupine.
442. Brawny Porcupine,
XXill
AY SGROEX 1. Hyftrix criftata. «, H, criftata europaeas. & H. criftata indica. 2. Hyftrix prehenfilis. ¢. HH. prehenfilis major. é. TH. prehenfilis minor. 3. Hyltrix mexicana. 4. Hylftrix dorfata. 6, H. dorfata alba. 5. Hyftrix macroura.. 8. Hyftrix torofa.
ERINACEUS,
CAV Y.
or THE MAMMALTIA.,
CAV Y. XXIV CA Pei:
443. Paca. 1, Cavia Paca. 444. White Paca, é. C, Pata albar 445. Akouchy. 2. Cavia Acufchy. _ AGOLER 3. Cavia Agouti. 446. Leffler Agouti. z, C, Agouti cunicularis. 447. Larger Agouti. ®, C. Agouti leporina. 448. American Agouti. y. C. Agouti americana. 449. Aperea. 4. Cavia Aperea, 450. Black Aperea. 8, C, Aperea nigra. 451. Cobaya. 5- Cavia Cobaya. 452. Patagonian Cavy. 6. Cavia Magellanica. 453- Capibara. 7. Cavia Capybara.
BEAVER, XXV CASTOR, 454. Common Beaver. 1. Caftor Fiber. 455. White Beaver. «, C. Fiber albus. 456. Terrier Beaver. 8. C. Fiber folitarius. 457. Chilefe Beaver. 2. Caftor huidobrius.
MURINE QUADRUPEDS. xxvi MT, oS. Divided into * BEAVER-RATS. MYOCASTORES.
458. Webbed Beaver-rat. 1. Myocaftor Coypus. 459. Mufquath, 2. Myocaftor zibethicus.
** RATS anp MICE, MURES. ; Subdivided into + Mysfari.—Having naked round tails.
Piloris. 1. Mus Pilorides. 460. White Piloris. «, M. Pilorides albidus.. 461. Black Piloris. 8, M. Pilorides fulvus.. 462. Caraco. 2. Mus Caraco. 463. American Rat. 3. Mus americanus. 464. Brown Rat. 4. Mus decumanus.. 465. Black Rat. 5. Mus Rattus. 466. Small Rat. 8. M. Rattus minor. 467. Common Moufe. 6. Mus Mufculus. 468. Varieties of the Com. Moufe. &. M. Mulfculi varietates,
e 4D Q>-
469. 4706 471. 47 2 473: 474+ 475> 476. 477° 478. 479: 480. 481
482. _ 483.
484. 485. 486, 487. 488. 489. 4.90- 4gle 492. 493. 494. 495- 496. 497 49%. 499- 500. 501. 502.
503.
504:
CATALOGUE
Field Moufe.
White Field Moule. Harvelt Moufe.
Ruftic Moufe. American Ruftic Moufe. Minute Moufe. Yellow Minute Moufe. Shrew-like Moufe. Wandering Moufe. Beech Moufe.
Dwarf Moufe.
Striped Moufe. Cherofo.
Barbary Moufe. Mexican Moufe.
7. Mus fylvaticus. 8. M. fylvaticus albus. 8. Mus mefforius. | g- Mus agrarius. 8. M. agrarius americanus. 10. Mus minutus. é. M. minutus flavus. 11. Mus foricinus. 12. Mus vagus. 13. Mus betulinus. 14. Mus pumilio. 15. Mus ftriatus. 8. Mus mofchatus. 16. Mus barbarus. 17. Mus mexicanus.
tt Cuniculariii—Having hairy round tails.
Virginian Moufe. . Rock Moufe.
Blue Moufe.
Water Rat. Meadow Water Rat. Marfh Water Rat. Black Water Rat. Spotted Water Rat. Garlic Moufe.
Red Moutfe.
Leffer Red Moufe. Gregarious Moufe. Economic Moufe. Laland Moufe. Wooly Moufe. Meadow Moufe.
Blackifh Meadow Moule.
Social Moufe. Rambling Moufe. Collared Moufe. Lemming.
18. Mus virginianus. 19. Mus faxatilis. 20. Mus cyanus.
_ 21. Mus amphibius.
8, M. amphib. terreftris. y- M. amphib. paludofus. >. M. amphib. niger. ) « M. amphib. maculatus. 22. Mus aliarius. 23. Mus rutilus. @ M. rutilus minor. 24. Mus gregalis. 25. Mus oeconomus. 8 Mus glareolus. 26. Mus laniger. 27. Mus arvalis. 8. M. arvalis nigricans. 28. Mus focialis. 29. Mus lagurus. 30. Mus torquatus, 31. Mus Lemmus.
508.
oe 506. 57- 508.
ao. 510. Sil. 512. «513 514. 515.
516. Sine 5i8. o2o- 520. 521.
522. 323: 524. 5a5- 526. cee 528. ooo" aac: 531. 532°
* CLIMBING SQUIRRELS.
eo Mee A EO Dy A,
Siberian Lemming. Labradore Moufe. Lena Moufe. Kamtfchatka Moufe.
*** HAMSTERS. Siberian Hamfter. German Hamfter. Black German Hamfter. Sand Hamfter.
Rice Hamfter. Songar Hamfter. Baraba Hamfter.
XEXX MOLE-RATS., Ruffian Mole-rat.
Black Ruffian Mole-rat. Cape Mole-rat.
African Mole-rat. Daurian Mole-rat.
Blind Mole-rat.
MARMOT. Common Marmot. Monax.
Bobak.
Canadian. Marmot.. Hoary Marmot. Souflik.
Zifel.
Zemni.
Gundi. Hudfon’s-Marmot. Chilefe Marmot.
SQUIRREL,
XXVIi
XX VIL
8 M. Lemmus fibiricus. 32. Mus hudfonius. 33. Mus lenae. 34. Mus Tfchelag.
CRICETI. 1. Cricetus Acredula. 2. Cricetus germanicus. 4, Cricetus german. niger.
3. Cricetus arenarius.
4. Cricetus phaeus.
5. Cricetus Songarus.
6. Cricetus Furunculus.
MYOTALP EL. 1. Myotalpa talpina. 6. Myotalpa talpina nigra. 2. Myotalpa capenfis. 3. Myotalpa maritima. 4. Myotalpa Afpalax. 5. Myotalpa Typhla.
ARCFOMYS: 1. Arctomys Marmota.
2. Arctomys Monax. 3. Arctomys Bobac. 4. Arctomys Empetra. 5. Arctomys pruinofa. 6. Arctomys Suflica. 7. Arctomys Citillus. 8. Arétomys Zemni. g- Arctomys Gundi. o. Arctomys hudfonia. 1. Arctomys maulina.
LG LGR, S.
Divided into,
SCIURI SCANDENTES:.
Which have no flying membranes.
Common Squirrel.
e2 532,
1. Sciurus vulgaris.
SSP 534
555.
536.
537° 535. 539+
540.
SAl. 542: 543°
544.
545° 546. 547° 548. 549 550° 55te 552. 55.3 554 555 556. Souk 559: $59:
C AT 24 et
Red Common Squirrel.
White-tailed Common Squirrel.
Varying Common Squirrel, Black Common Squirrel. White Coninon Squirrel. Silvery Common Squirrel. White legged Squirrel. Black Squirrel. White-nofed Black Squirrel. Vulpine Squirrel.
White Vulpine Squirrel. Grey Squirrel.
Labradore Squirrel. Carolina Squirrel. Virginian Squirrel.
Perfian Squirrel.
Georgian Squirrel.
Javan Squirrel.
Ruddy Squirrel. |
Ceylon Squirrel.
Malabar Squirrel. Abyflinian Squirrel. Bombay Squirrel. Fair Squirrel.
Palm Squirrel. Barbary Squirrel. Plantain Squirrel. Ground Squirrel.
. Afiatic Ground Squirrel.
. American Ground Squirrel. . Brafilian Squirrel.
. Striped Brafilian Squirrel.
. Carnatic Squirrel.
. Varied Squirrel.
. Smaller Varied Squirrel.
. Chilefe Squirrel.
. Mexican Squirrel.
22.
O1uG Wak
S. vulgaris rufus. S. vulgaris leucourus, AS . 5.
#e S» vulgaris albus.
vulgaris varius. vulgaris niger.
¢. S. vulgaris argenteus.
. Sciurus albipes. . Sciurus niger.
8. S. niger albiroltro.
- Sciurus vulpinus.
é. S. vulpinus aibus.
. Sciurus cinereus,
. Sciurus hudionius. - Sciurus carolinenfis. . Sciurus virginianus. . Sciurus periicus.
- Sciurus anomalus.
Sciurus bicolor.
. Sciurus erythraeus. . Sciurus macrourus. - Sciurus maximus.
Sciurus abyflinicus.
. Sciurus indicus.
. Sciurus flavus.
» Sciurus palmarum. . Sciurus getulus.
» Sciurus Badjine.
Sciurus ftriatus.
«, §. ftriatus afiaticus.
6. S. firiatus americanus. Sciurus aeftuans.
@ §. aeftuans faiciatus.
. Sciurus dfchinfchicus. 4. Sciurus variegatus.
é. S. variegatus minor.
. Sciurus Degus. . Sciurus mexicanus.
569.
oF THE M
g69- American Squirrel. 570. Guiana Squirrel. 71. Cayenne Squirrel. 572. Madagalcar Squirrel. 573- Cape Squirrel.
«* FLYING-SQUIRRELS.
AMMALTIA.
27. 28. 29. 30. aE.
Sciurus fcrotalis. ~ Sciurus bancrofti. Sciurus guajanenfis. Sciurus madagafcarenfis. Sciurus capenfis.
PETAURI.
Have an extended flying membrane.
574 American Flying-Squirrel. 575. Virginian Flying Squirrel. 576. Labradore Flying-Squirrel. 577. European Flying-Squirrel. 578. Java Flying-Squirrel.
Indian Flying Squirrel.
Red Indian Flying-Squirrel. Black Indian Flying-Squirrel. Southern Flying-Squirrel. Philips Flying-Squirrel.
DORMOUSE. Hoary Dormoufe. Wood Dormoufe. Garden Dormoufe. Common Dormoufe.
JERBOA: Common Jerboa. Arabian Jerboa. Egyptian Jerboa. Siberian Jerboa.
Great Siberian Jerboa. Middle Siberian Jerboa. Smaller Siberian Jerboa. Pigmy Siberian Jerboa. Cape Jerboa.
Cafpian Jerboa.
Marth Jerboa. Labradore Jerboa. Circaffian Jerboa.
579- 580.
581. 582:
583. 584. 585. 586.
587- 588. A. B. 589. 590. 591- 592. 593° 594 595: 596. 597-
7. 8. Petaurus norfolcenfis. XXIX
w.
2. 3.
. Petaurus volucella. » Petaurus virginianus. . Petaurus hudfonius.
I 2 3 4. 5 6
Petaurus volans.
. Petaurus fagitta. . Petaurus petaurifta.
«, P. petaurifta caftaneus. 8. P, petaurifta niger. Petaurus auttralis.
MYOXUS. Myoxus Glis. Myoxus Dryas. Myoxus Nitela.
4. Myoxus Mufcardinus.
XXX I. 26
DIPUS. Dipus jaculus, Dipus fagitta.
A. Dipus aegyptius. B. Dipus fibiricus.
ae te Ss 6.
a. D. fibiricus major. b. D. fibiricus medius. c. D. fibiricus minor. d. D. fibiricus pumilio. Dipus cafer.
Dipus meridiaaus. Dipus tamaricinus. Dipus labradorius.
7+ Dipus circaflicus.
HARE.
C ANT pA 0,4 Ale
HARE,
598. Peruvian Hare. 599. Common Hare. 600. Horned Common Hare. 601. Yellow Common Hare. 602. Varying Hare. 603. Spurious Varying Hare. 604. Black: Hare. 6es. American Hare. 606. Baikal Hare. 607. Chilefe Hare. 608. Cape Hare.
Rabbit. ; 609. Wild Rabbit. 610. Black Tame Rabbit. 611. White Tame Rabbit. 612. Pied Tame Rabbit. 613. Silvery Tame Rabbit. 614. Hooded Rabbit. 615. Angora Rabbit.
L Bebo bs
XXXI
* With fhort tails.
1. Lepus Vifcaccia. 2. Lepus timidus. @ L. timidus cornutus. vy L. timidus melinus. 3. Lepus variabilis. & L. variabilis hybridus. . Lepus niger. . Lepus americanus. . Lepus Tolai. Lepus minimus. . Lepus capenfis. . Lepus Cuniculus.
io co AM -
« L. Cuniculus ferus. @ L. Cuniculus domefticus niger. — v. L. Cuniculus domefticus albus. ®, L. Cunic. domeft. variegatus. «, L. Cunic. domeft. argenteus. zo. Lepus faccatus.. 11. Lepus fericeus.
** Having no tails.
616. Brafilian Hare. 617. Calling Hare. 618. Mountain Hare. 619. Ogotona Hare.
ASHKOKO.
620. Cape Afhkoko. 621. Syrian Afhkoko.
12. Lepus brafilienfis. 13. Lepus pufillus. 14, Lepus alpinus. r5. Lepus Ogotona.
TOR AN, 1. Hyrax capenfis. 2. Hyrax fyriacus.
XXXII
yhip iC ORS.
CAMEL. 622. Arabian Camel. 623. Swift Camel. 624. Baétrian Camel. 625. Mixed Camel. 626. Glama,
SXX1i1 GA ME LE Oss. 1. Camelus Dromedarius. &. Camelus dromos. a. Camelus bactrianus. 4. Camelus hybridus. 3, Camelus Glama. 627-
627. 628. 629. 630.
631. 622. 633- 634. 635: 636. 637. 638.
639: 640.
641. 642. 643. 644.
645+ 646. 647. 648. 649- 650.
651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656.
or THE M AMM ALT A.
Guanaco. Chillihueque. Vicugna. Pacos.
M U S K. Thibet Mufk. Indian Mufk. Pigmy Mutk. Striped Pigmy Mutk.. Memina. Javan Mufk. Brafilian Mufk. Formofan Mufk.
Die EAR.
4: Camelus Huanacus. 5- Camelus arcucanus.
6. Camelus Vicugna.
7. Camelus Paco.
XXXIV
I. 2.
3:
4
5 6.
7°
XXXV
MOSCAUS. Mofchus mofchiferus. Mofchus indicus.
Mofchus pygmaeus.
g. M. pygmaeus leverianus. Motfchus Memina.
Mofchus javanicus. Mofchus americanus. Mofchus finenfis.
COE TeV S.
* With palmated horns.
Elk.
Irifh Elk.
Rein Deer.
Common Rein Deer. Greenland Rein Deer. Canadian Rein Deer. Fallow Deer.
Stag.
Maned Stag. . Corfican Stag. Canadian Stag. Chinefe Stag. Virginian Deer. AXIS.
Spotted Axis. Middle Axis. White Axis. Large Axis. Porcine Deer. Spotted Porcine Deer.
I.
3. _'** With rounded horns. 4 Cervus Elaphus.
Cervus Alces. g. C. Alces foffilis,
. Cervus Tarandus.
# C. Tarandus Rangifer.
é. C. Tarandus groenlandicus. y. C. Tarandus Caribou. Cervus Dama.
8, C, Elaphus Hippelaphus. y» C. Elaphus corficanus.
®, C. Elaphus canadenfis.
:. C. Elaphus minutus.
5. Cervus virginianus.
6. Cervus Axis.
2 CC, Axis maculatus. g. C. Axis unicolor. y. C. Axis albus.
® C, Axis major. '
7. Cervus porcinus.
& C. porcinus maculatus.
657,
657. 658. 659. 660 661.
662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675.
676.
677. 678. 679. 680. 68i. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686. 637. 688. 689.
cATALOGUE
Muntjac.
Roe.
White Roe. Aha.
Mexican Deer.
8. Cervus Muntjac. g- Cervus Capreolus. @ C, Capreolus albus. ro. Cervus pygargus. 11. Cervus mexicanus.
*** Uncertain fpecies.
Tema-magame. Cuguacu-apara. Cuguacu-ete. Biche des bois.
“Biche des puletuviers.
Mazame. Cariacou. . Barallou Hind.. Wood Hind. Savanna Hind. Indian Deer. Squinaton. Grey Deer. Unknown Deer.
GIRAFFE.
Camelopardalis.
ANTELOPE. Blue Antelope. Lerwee.
Chamois. Nanguer..
Nagor.
Biggel.
Nylgau..
Saiga.
Tzeiran.
Perfian Antelope.. White faced Antelope: Springer Antelope. Barbary Autelope.
XXXVI
XXXVI1
e, Cervus Temama. & Cervus Cuguapara. y Cervus Cuguete. ® Cervus fylvaticus. « Cervus paludofus, 2, Cervus Mazame. a Cervus Cariacou. 6, Cervus Barallou. a. Cervus nemorofus, x, Cervus pratenfis.
‘a, Cervus indicus.
zw. Cervus Squinaton. » Cervus guineenfis.
_ & Cervus anomalus.
CAMELOPARDALIS,
1. Camelopardalis Giraffa.
ANT FOO PE . Antilope leucophaea.
. Antilope Lerwia.
. Antilope Rupicapra.
. Antilope Dama.
. Antilope redunca.
. Antilope Tragocamelus, . Antilope picta.
. Antilope Saiga.
. Antilope gutturofa.
. Antilope fubgutturofa.. . Antilope pygarga.
. Antilope faltans.
» Antilope Dorcas.
© CONT Dw fo HW =
= ss me N = O
ie i»
690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697.. 698. 699- 700. 701. 702. 703. 74> 705-
706: 707. 708. 709. 710. 7116 712s 713 714. 715. 716.
CLT 718. Z19- 720. 721% 7226
er THE MAM
Kevel. 14 Corine. 15 Bubalis. 16 Koba. 17. Gnou. 18 Pafan. 19 African Antelope. 20
Algazel. 21 Leucoryx. 22 Coudous.. 23 Guib. 24 Grimm. 25 Guevei. 26 Wood Antelope. 27 Condoma.. 28 Lidmee.. 29. GOAT. XXXVIli Wild Goat. I.
Common Goat..
MALIA,
. Antilope Kevella. . Antilope Corinna. . Antilope Bubalis.
Antilope Koba.
. Antilope Gnu.
. Antilope Oryx.
. Antilope Oreotragus. . Antilope Gazella.
. Antilope Leucoryx. . Antilope Oreas.
. Antilope f{cripta.
. Antilope Grimmia.
. Antilope pygmaea.
. antilope fylvatica.
. Antilope Strepficeros.
Antilope Cervicapra..
CAPRA Capra Aegagrus. Capra Hircus..
Angora Goat. 3. Capra angorenfis. Syrian Goat. 4. Capra mambrica. African Goat. 5- Capra depreffa. Whidaw Goat. 6. Capra reverlfa. Juda Goat, 7. Capra nana. Capricorn. 8. Capra Capricornis.. Cabonas Goat.. g. Capra mutica. Ibex. to. Capra Ibex. Caucaffan Goat.. 11. Capra caucafica. SHEEP. EXK1X OV TIS. Common Sheep.. 1.. Ovis Aries,
Hornlefs Sheep.. Dwarf. Sheep..
Rutftic Sheep.. Spanifh Sheep. Many-horned Sheep.. African Sheep.
723. Wattled Sheep..
«. O. Aries anglica, @. O. Aries nana. vy QO. Aries ruftica. % O. Aries hifpanica.. :. O. Aries polycerata.. g..O. Aries africana. a O. Aries guineenfis. 72s.
CuAP PIA VOeG TU YE
. Broad-tailed Sheep. . Fat-rumped Sheep. . Bucharian Sheep. . Long-tailed Sheep. . Cape Sheep.
» Bearded Sheep.
- Morvant.
. Cretan Sheep.
. Argali.
. Corfican Argali.
- Pudu.
O X.,
Common Ox.
. Wild Ox.
. Urus.
- Bonafus.
. Bifon.
» Domefltic Ox. . European Ox. . Indian Ox.
. Zebu.
. Surat Ox.
. Abyflinian Ox. . Boury.
. Tinian Ox. peleanite
. Arnee.
. American Bifon. . Mafk Ox,
. Grunting Ox. . Ghainouk.
. Sarlyk.
. Hornlefs Grunting Ox. . Buffalo.
. Naked Buffalo. . Anoa.
. Guavera.
s. O. Aries laticaudata. 1. O. Aries fteatopyga. x, O. Aries bucharica. a. O. Aries longicaudata. we O. Aries capenfis. y ©. Aries barbata. g. O. Aries jubata. 2. Ovis Strepficeros. 3. Ovis Ammon. g. O. Ammon europaea. 4. Ovis Pudu.
xl BOS. 1. Bos Taurus. —
A. B. Taurus ferus.
«. B. Taurus Urus.
8. B. Taurus Bonafus.
y. B. Vaurus Bifon,
B. B. Taurus domefticus.
® B. Taurus europaeus.
« B. Taurus indicus major, . g. B. Taurus indicus minor.
x. B. Taurus indicus minimus. 3, B. Taurus abeffinicus, « B. Taurus madagafcarenfis.. x, B. Taurus tinianenfis.
a. B. Taurus africanus.
2. Bos Arnee. 3. Bos americanus. 4. Bos mofchatus. 5. Bos gruniens. 8 B. gruniens Ghainouk. y. B. gruniens Sarlyk. >. B. gruniens ecornis. ; 6. Bos Bubalus. — 8 B. Bubalus feminudus. y B. Bubalus Anoa. — », B. Bubalus Guavera.
(yk
OF 4757. Cape Ox. 7 758. Baas. 8 759. Dwarf Ox. 9 4) anand 5a Daal DD
HORSE. xii
Common Horfe.
Wild Horfe.
Domeftic Horfe.
Dfhikketai.
Afs.
Onager.
Domettic Afs.
Mule.
Bardeau.
Zebra.
Hybrid Zebra.
769. Quacha.
770. Chilefe Horfe. HIPPOPOTAMUS.
771. Amphibious Hippopotamus.
Avr: ker.
American Tapir.
POG, Common Hog. Wild Hog. Domeftic Hog. Single-hoofed Hog. Chinefe Hog. Guinea Hog. Siam Hog. Pecary.
Leffer Pecary. Patira. African Hog. Engallo. Babyrouffa.
760. 7616 762.
763: 764. 765. 766. 767. 768.
77%
es (ies 115° 776. Eke 778. 779+ 780. 781. 782. 783. 784.
5 6.
xii I.
xliit
I.
xliv re
2
(Ss)
nH
roe M AM MALIA.
. Bos caffer. . Bos barbatus. - Bos pumilus.
1 IN 0B De EQUUS.
» Equus Caballus.
w, E. Caballus ferus. & E. Caballus dometticus,
. Equus Hemionus. . Equus Afinus.
e«. E. Afinus ferus.
6. FE. Afinus dometticus. vy. E. Afinus Mulus.
>, E. Afinus Hinnus.
. Equus Zebra.
g. E. Zebra hybridus. Equus Quagga. Equus bifulcus. IE TO POA US, Hippopotamus amphibius.
WM Pay Eee
Tapir Americanus.
MAS) Sus Scrofa. 2. S. Scrofa ferus. & §. Scrofa domeftticus. y- S. Scrofa dometticus unifulcus, ®. S. Scrofa domefticus finenfis. Sus Porcus. g. S. Porcus fiamenfis.
- Sus Tajaffu.
é. S. Tajaffu minor. y. S. Tajaffu Patira.
. Sus africanus. - Sus aethiopicus.
» Sus Babyrufla.
VIL
NARVAL. xiv MONODON. 785. Horned Narval., 1. Monodon monoceros. W HAL E. xivi BALE NA. Common Whale. 1. Balaena Myfticetus. 786. Greenland Common Whale. «. B. Mytticetus groenlandica. 787. Iceland Common Whale. & B. Myfticetus iflandica. 788. Larger Common Whale. y- B. Myfticetus major. 789. Fin Whale. 2. Balaena Phyfalis. 790. Scrag Whale. 3. Balaena Boops. Humped Whale. 4. Balaena gibbofa. 4gt. Single-humped Whale.. #, B. gibbofa gibbo unico. 792. Six-humped Whale. 8. B. gibbofa gibbis fex. 793: Broad-nofed Whale. 5. Balaena Mufculus. 794. Beaked Whale. 6. Balaena roftrata. CACHALOT. xl vil PES iE Dele 795. Leffler Cachalot. 1. Phyfeter Catodon. Blunt-nofed Cachalot. 2. Phyfeter macrocephalus.. 796. Black Blunt-nofed Cachalot. | «. Phyfeter macroceph. niger. 797. White Blunt-nofed: Cachalot. g. Phyfeter macroceph. albicans. 798. Grey Blunt-nofed-Cachalot.. y- Phyfeter macroceph.. cinereus. Sharp-nofed Cachalot. 3. Phyfeter microps. 799. Hook-toothed Sharp - nofed. \ Cachalot. «. Phyfeter microps falcidentatus.. Soo. Straight-toothed Sharp-nofed. Cachalot. &, Phyfeter microps re@tidentatus. 801. High-finned Cachalot.. 4, Phyfeter Turfio. DOLPHIN. xlvill DELPHINUS. 802. Porpoife. 1.. Delphinus Phocaena. | 803. White Porpoife. 8, D.. Phocaena albus. 8o4. Brown Porpoife. yD. Phocaena fuicus.. 805. True Dolphin. 2. Delphinus Delphis, 806. Grampus. 3. Delphinus Orca. 807. Swor. Grampus, 8 DD. Orca enfidorfatus..
CoAT At Le OinGs Un ES Ren
VIL CET E,
. Beluga. 4. Delphinus leucas..
Oy se OA Oath oe
NE ue Neo Ae ee AEN
The rivers with their dry banks, and the retiring mountains, refound with the bleating of flocks, and the frequent lowing of the herds.—VirRGiL.
- HE Mammalia are fuch animals as nourifh their young by means of lactiferous
teats or paps. In their flrudture, both external and internal, and in their various organs, they refemble man. © They are for the moft part quadrupeds, or having four legs and feet; and, along with us, they inhabit the furface of the earth, environed with cruel enemies: The largeft in fize, though by far the fmalleft in number, being furnifhed with fins, inhabit the ocean.
The clothing of quadrupeds is compofed of foft, feparate, flexible hair, little fubject to injury, which is more plentifully beftowed on the inhabitants of cold regions than on thofe which live in the warmer parts of the earth. This hair coalefces together, on ‘Urchins and Porcupines, to form fpines or prickles; on the Manis thefe are flattened into fharp pointed fzales ; and they are united into a fhelly coat on the Armadillo: The fur is often divided by diftinct ridges, as in the Dog and Horfe; and thofe ridges, on the Horfe and Hog, are fometimes elongated into a mane. In aquatic quadrupeds the hair is altogether wanting, lelt it fhould abforb the wet; except in fuch as are fometimes obliged to live on fhore. The face of animals is frequently furnifhed with briftly warts;
the
* The term Mammalia, here ufed, fignifies fuch animals as feed their -young by milk derived from proper glands fituated on the mother, and furnifhed with teats or paps. “Dere is no fingle Englifh word by which this can be tranflated; Quadrupeds would exclude the Cetaceous order, which, from giving milk, are arranged by Linnzus in this clafs.—T.
Vou, 1, E
34 M A -M M A+h 1 A,
the lips with whifkers; the chin, as in Man, Apes, and Goats, with a beard ; and the legs and breaft, as in the Horfe and Camel, are often provided with callofities.
The fulcra, {upporters, or inftruments of motion, are intended for more expeditioufly efcaping from enemies by flight, or for purfuing after prey. ‘erreftrial animals, of this clafs, are furnifhed with four legs and feet ; of thefe the anterior pair, or fore legs, have fometimes a hand divided into fingers, with a diftant oppofed thumb, as in the Primates and Oppoflums: The hinder feet are more united, that they might ferve bet« ter for fupporting the weight of the body; thele are either palmated or webbed, having the toes joined together by an interpofed membrane, for the purpafes of {wimming ; or fifile, having the toes feparated, for running quickly ; or fupported by heels, as in Man and the Bear, for ftanding firmly: Befides thefe, that the toes, during flight, may not be torn in rugged places, they’are either fortified with a thick fur on the foles of the feet, as in the common Hare, Artic Fox, and Sloth; or they are hoofed, having the toes fur- rounded by horny nails in the manner of a fhoe, as in the orders of Pecora and Belluae; in fome of which animals the heel is included in this manner inftead of the toes, which are then wanting: The more fierce animals have their feet armed with claws placed on the extremities of their toes, for feizing their prey, tearing their enemies, and dig- ging the ground; in moft of thefe the claws are pointed and crooked; a {mall num- ber of lefs ferocious animals have the claws flattened, and of an oval fhape, while the rapacious order of Ferae, or beafts of prey, have bent fharp pointed talons: The flying animals of this clafs either mount into the air by the affiftance of palmated fore feet,’ - having the toes much elongated, and connected by an interpofed membrane, as in Bats; or they float in the air by means of a membrane ftretched out between the fore and hinder legs, as in the flying Macauco and failing Squirrel: Aquatic animals are defti- tute of claws and hoofs, having, inftead of feet, pectoral fins, which are formed by the fhoulder blade, arm, fore arm, wrift, hand, and fingers, all jumbled together, as in the
order Cete.
‘The offenfive arms of the animals of this clafs, befides the claws and hoofs already taken notice of, and the teeth, which will be mentioned afterwards, are chiefly horns of a cartilaginous or boney nature, which are placed on their heads: Thefe are either folid and perfiftant, as in the Rhinoceros; or folid and annually deciduous, being, while growing, which they do from their outer ends, covered with a hairy fkin which. falls off when they are full grown, as in Deer; or, as in the Ox, Goats, and Sheep, they are hollow and perfiftant, covering a central cavernous boney flint, and growing by addi-
tions at their bafes; with thefe weapons animals attack, gore, and {trike their adver- faries.
AE AY erie (AC SE. on 7A 35
faries. They thus are enabled in various ways to elude or refift the force of enemies, by fighting, biting, tearing, kicking, ftriking, running, leaping, climbing, and digging ; or by {wimming, flying, urining, ftinking, roaring, and terrifying.
The eae for maltication of food are the teeth, which are of three kinds: The fore teeth, which are fometimes in the form of compreffed wedges, and called incifors ; thefe ferve for plucking, gnawing, and cutting the food: The tutks are longer than the other teeth, their form is conical and pointed, and they have no oppofites which direct. ly meet them on clofing the mouth; their ule is for tearing the food: The grinders, or back teeth, are of a broad form for chewing the food; thefe, in animals which live on vegetables, are obtufe, and in carnivorous animals are furnifhed with fharp conically pointed protuberances on their upper furfaces. he Ant-eaters and Manis alone, of all the clafs, have no teeth.
The tails of animals are compofed of an elongation and multiplication of the latter vertebrae of the back, and ferve for concealing the unclean parts: In a few animals, as in Man, fome of the Apes, and a few of the Murine tribe, this is wanting; in fome it is fhort, in which cafe it is only the length of the thigh, or fhorter, as in the Hare, Satyr, Mole, and Urchin; in others it is long, being at leaft the length of the leg down to the feet, as in Dogs, Mice, and others; it is fometimes naked, as in Mice; or pre- henfile, that is, capable of lapping round an object and ferving the purpofe of a fifth hand, as in fome fpecies of the Ape, Porcupine, and Qpoflum ; fometimes it is covered with flowing hair, as in the Horfe and Ox; fometimes tufted, the extremity being fhaped like a brufh, as in the Sea Lion and Jerboa; or, laftly, it is fhed laterally, both fides being hairy, as in the Squirrel and Ant-eater,
‘The fenfes of animals are intended as guardians for protecting them from danger :— The external ears, which are wanting in aquatic animals, are either rounded, or oval, or pointed, or fharp, or divided; and are erect, or pendulous :—The pupils of the eyes: are either round, for ufing during the day; or contracted into a line, which is either tran{verfe or vertical, for nocturnal ufe; in fome there is a membrana nidfilans, ta pre- ferve the eyes from the glare of light without fhutting the eye-lids ; all have moveable eye-brows; in man and apes both eye-lids are moveable, but in moft of the reft the upper eye-lid only is capable of being moved :—The nofe is either compreffed, flatten- ed, crooked upwards, or bifid; or, it may be fhorter than the lips, as in Apes; a little Jonger, as in moft of the order of Ferae ; or it is elongated into a probolcis, or flexible cartilaginous trunk, as in the Elephant; the noftrils are either oval or rounded :—The
EH 2 tongue
36 MA™M M'A‘L t A!
tongue in moft animals is fimple; in fome fringed with jags at the edges, as in the Dog; befet with papillae on its upper furface, as in the Feline tribe ; or long and flen- der, as in the Manis and Ant-eater ; it is fometimes bifid, as in Seals :—The upper lip in moft has a furrow in the middle running downward from the nofe; in a few, as in the order of Glires, it is bifid, or divided.
An attentive inveftigation of the genital organs might offend, though from the va- tious ftru€tures of the clytoris, nymphae, ferotum, and penis, confiderable fervice might be derived in forming a natural arrangement of animals. For the moft part animals. of this clafs ufe tranfient venery, when the males fight together for the enjoy- ment of the females, and the ftronger prevail, as beft fitted for the procreation of a4 more lively offspring: The impregnated females bring forth their young alive, and fully formed, the foetus being excluded from the egg within their own bodies; when dropped, they fuckle them with milk, from laétiferous glands or mammae, excreted through teats or paps; they defend them while young, taking care of them till the time of another litter, and fometimes even to a more advanced age :—Some animals are polygamous, as Seals, the male preferving to himfelf, by force, a feraglio of females which he has affociated with him :—A very {mall number, as fome Apes, the Macauco, the Bat, and Urchin, pair together ; a fingle male and female entering into a monoga-
mious fociety, and rearing their young ones by a joint concern.
The mammae, or lattiferous dugs of the female animals of this clafs, are always in pairs, and in a determinate number for each fpecies; and, except the Horfe genus, the males have always the rudiments of thefe organs, fimilar in number and arrange- ment with thofe of the females of the fame fpecies :—Thele are either pectoral, being placed on the breaft, as in the orders Primates and Cete ;—or they are abdominal, that is, fituated on the belly, as in Oppoflums and Seals ;—or inguinal, which are placed in the groin, as in the orders Pecora and Belluae;—or both pectoral and abdominal at the fame time, as in moft animals of the order Glires ;—fome animals, as the Hog and others, have them arranged longitudinally ;—and, laftly, there are generally two teats on the mother for each young one produced in ordinary births.
The ufes of the animals of this clafs to man are various :—The order of Pecora are bred for fupplying flefh, milk, cheefe, butter, leather, tallow, and for their fleeces ;— the Horfe, Ox, Camel, and Elephant, are employed for draught and for carrying loads ;— feveral animals of the order of Ferae are ufed for hunting or deftroying other ani-
mals that are troublefome or noxious, fuch as Mice and Serpents:—The rarer ani- mals.
MAM M‘A’L I Ae 37
mals are preferved, for curiofity and obfervance of their manners, in vivaria or mena- geries.
The authors to be confulted refpecting this clafs of animals are Gefner, Aldrovan- dus, and Jonfton, of the laft age ; and, in the prefent century, Ray, Briffon, Houttuyn, Buffon, Pennant, Pallas, Schreber, Klein, Cetti, Erxsleben, Blumenbach, Camper, and Storr. ‘The f{cience is to be treated of properly by giving a defcription of each animal in its form, diet, economy, and manners, that from fuch hiftory the intention of the Creator in forming them may be difcovered ; examples of fuch defcriptions of the common Dog, Rhein Deer, Guinea Pig, or reftlefs Cavy, common Hog, and domeftic: Sheep, may be found in the Ameenitates Academicae.
The Ordinal Characters of the Animals of this Clafs may, in the firft place, be cho- fen from particulars refpecting the Teeth ;—thus,
MAMMALIA, having,
The fore teeth are wanting in both jaws ; Bruta. 2. [ane incifive fore teeth in both, and no tufks; Guirzs. Ae
-| Four incifive fore teeth in both, and one tufk 1. Toes and claws; 4 PRIMATES. Io.
on each fide in each jaw ;
par two, or ten, conical fore teeth in both jaws, ia ER e 7 and one tufk on each fide in both; § 3 nui Fapfed facts Auirns teeth in pou FERED 0h BeELLuz. 6. Fore teeth only in the lower jaw ; PECORA. 5
3. No feet; The teeth are various in the different fpecies; CrTz. Te
CHARACTERS
38 MAM M*AG kL A
Co A ReA Ch EGS
OF THE
O2R DoE OR io SOK IVE AM EAS ae
I, PRIMATES.
_ Their fore teeth are incifive wedges, of which there are four, parailel to each other, in the upper jaw; except in fome f{pecies of Bats, which have either two only, or none: They have one tufk on each fide in both jaws.x—The females have two pectoral milk teats.— The two fore feet refemble hands, having fingers, for the moft part, furnithed with flattened oval nails.—They live moftly on fruits and feeds, a few only ufing ani- mal food. ;
I. BRUTA.
Thefe have no fore teeth in either jaw.—Their feet are fortified with ftrong, blunt, hoof-like nails. —They are of a clumfy make, and are flow in their motions.— They, moftly, live on vegetables, which they only bruife in maftication.
IW. FER Z.
Their fore teeth are conically pointed, and of thefe moft have fix in each jaw: They all have tufks, longer than the other teeth: Their grinders are furnifhed with conical projections. - Their feet are divided into toes, which are armed with fharp hooked claws.—They live on animal food, either devouring dead carcafles, or preying on other animals,
IV. GLIRES.
Have two incifive fore teeth in each jaw, and no tufks.—Their feet, which are form- ed for bounding and running, are provided with toes and claws.—They feed on vege- tables, gnawing the barks, roots, and other parts of plants.
Va PE COR A.
Thefe have feveral blunt, wedge like, incifive fore teeth in the lower jaw only.— Their feet ate armed with cloven hoofs.—They live on vegetables, which they twitch or pluck ; and they all ruminate or chew the cud.
They
i SM MA A ay 39
They have all four ftomachs: 1ft, The Rumen or Paunch, in which the food is ma- cerated for fome time, to be afterwards brought up tothe mouth and chewed more fully ; this aétion is called ruminating : 2d, The Reticulum, Bonnet, or Kingfhood, of a cellular texture, receives the food after rumination: 3d, The Omaffus, or Manyplies, compofed on its inner furface of numerous folds, digefts the food: 4th, The Aboma- fus, Caille, or Red, divided into bundles, gives acefcency to the food, to prevent putres faction.
VI. BELLU A.
Have obtufely truncated fore teeth.—Their feet are armed with hoofs.—Their mo- tions are flow and heavy.—They live on vegetable food, from which their digeftive organs draw a tincture without diffolution.
Vii CE TE.
Inftead of feet, the animals of this order are provided with pectoral fins and a hori- zontally flattened tail fit for fwimming.—They have no claws or hair.—The teeth, in fome fpecies, are cartilaginous, and boney in others.—Inftead of noftrils, they have a filtulous opening on the anterior and upper part of the head.—They live entirely in the fea, feeding on fea-blubbers and fifh.
CHARACTERS
* This order, though nearly allied in manners and form to fifhes, is neceflarily ranked with the clafs of Mammalia from fimilarity in ftruture.—Their heart has two auricles and two ventricles, which pro- pel warm, red blood :—They have regularly alternate lungs:—Their eye-lids are moveable :—They have open ears, which receive impreflions of found from the motions of the air:—They have feven ver- tebrae of the neck, lumbar bones, and a coccyx:—They procreate with an intrant penis :—Avnd, laftly,. the female fuckles her young with milk by means of teats.. :
PP MAMMALIA
«
i Hy As By A Cet ORAS ‘ OF THE GE N'E RAY O-F > MA M M/A LUA :
I. PRIMATES. rz. MAN. 1. HOMO. 1. Walks erect. The female menftruates, and has a hymen. 2, Ape. . 2. Simia. 2. Have tufks, diftant from the other teeth.
* Apes. Simiae. - No tails. ** Baboons. Papiones. Short tails. *** Monkeys. Cercopitheci. Long, not prehenfile, tails, cheek-pouches, and naked but- tocks. HEX Sapajous. Sapaji. Long prehenfile tails,no cheek- pouches, the buttocks clothed. ¥eee* Sagoins. Sagoini. Long, not prehenfile, tails, no cheek-pouches, the buttocks clothed. 3. Macauco. 3. Lemur. 3. Have fix fore teeth in the lower jaw. 4. Bat. 4. Vefpertilio. 4. Their fore feet are palmated, for the purpofes of flying. A. Four fore teeth in each jaw. j B. Four fore teeth above, fix below.
2)
Four fore teeth above, eight below. Two fore teeth above, fix below. Two fore teeth above, four below. Two fore teeth above, none below.
. No fore teeth above, four below.
anay
. No fore teeth in either jaw. The number and arrangement of the teeth unknown.
mth a Lee |
ie
Note—The figures preceding the Latin names exprefs the order of the Genera, as arranged by Dr Gmelin; thofe which follow the Latin names are prefixed in his edition, apparently to mark the or- der followed by Linnzus in the former edition; fuch as have no numeral after the Latin names are
new Genera adopted by Dr Gmelin. The figures which precede the Englifh names fhow the order ob-
ferved in this edition.—T.
I. BRUTA. 5. Sloth. 5. Bradypus. 7. 6. Ant-eater. 6. Myrmecophaga. 8. 7. Manis. 7. Manis. 9. 8. Armadillo. 8. Dafypus. 10. g. Rhinoceros. 9. Rhinoceros 36. 10. Sukotyro. Sucotyro. 11. Elephant 10. Elephas. 5. 12. Walrus. 11. Frichechus. 6. ll. FER &. 13. Seal. 12. Phoca. 11. 14. Dog. 13. Canis. 12. 15. Cat. 14. Felis. 13. * With long tails, and plain ears. ** With fhort tails, and pencilled ears. 16. Fitchet. 15. Viverra. 14. 17. Weatel. 16. Mufela. 15. * Otters, Lutrae. ** Weafels. Muftelae, 18. Bear. 17. Urfus. 16. Vou.. I. -
Mm AM MMA TLL OB es
Have no fore teeth or tufks; the anterior grinders are longer than the reft. The body is hairy.
Have no teeth. The body is hairy.
Have no teeth. The body is covered with {cales.
Have grinders, but no tufks or fore teeth. The body is covered with a cruftaceous fhell.
Has a horn on the middle of the fore-head.
Has horns on each fide below the eyes.
Has tufks and grinders, but no fore teeth. The fnout is elongated into a flexible trunk.
Has tufks in the upper jaw; rough boney excrefcences for grinders. Hind legs and feet ftretched backwards.
Six fore teeth above, four below.
Six fore teeth in each jaw;.the intermediate ones, above, lobed.
Six fore teeth in each jaw; the lower ones: equal. The tongue prickly.
Lynxes.
Six fore teeth in each jaw ; the intermediate ones, below, fhorter than the reft.
Six fore teeth in each jaw; the lower ones crowded together ; two, alternate, ftand- ing within the reft.
The feet webbed. The feet divided.
Six fore teeth in each jaw; the upper ones: hollowed. The penis contains a crooked’ bone.
F 1Q>.
42
19. Opoffum. 20. Mole. a1. Shrew. 22. Urchin.
MAM MTA Eel At
i8. 10.
20
21.
IV. GLIRES.
23. Porcupine. 24, Cavy.
25. Beaver.
26. Murine quadrupeds.
* Beaver-rats. ** Rats and Mice.
%***® Flamfters.
%&** Mole-rats.
27. Marmot.
28. Squirrel.
* Climbing Squirrels.
*® Flying Squirrels,
29. Dormoufe.
2260
23.
24.
25.
26.
27°
28,
Didelphis. 17. Talpa. 18. Sorex. 19.
Erinaceus. 20.
Ayfirix. 21.
Cavia. Cafor. 23.
Mus. 24.
Myocaftores. Mures. + Myofuri. 44+ Cunicularii. Criceti.
Myotalpae.
Arctomys.
Sciurus. 25.
S. Scandentes.
S. Volitantes.
Myoxus. 26.
Ten fore teeth above, eight below.
Six fore teeth above, eight below.
Two fore teeth above, four below.
Two fore teeth in each jaw. The - body is befet with prickles.
The body is covered with long fpines.
The fore teeth are wedge like; four grinders on each fide. No col- lar bones. :
The upper fore teeth wedge-like; four grinders on each fide. Has collar bones.
The upper fore teeth wedge.like ; three grinders on each fide. Has collar bones.
The tail is flattened at the end. The tail is round. With naked tails. With hairy tails. Having cheek- pouches. Have no external ears; fmall eyes; and
a very fhort tail, or none.
Have two wedge-like fore teeth in each jaw; five grinders above, and four below, on each fide. Have collar bones. r
Have two wedge-like fore teeth above and two, fharp pointed, below; five grinders above, and four be- low, on each fide. Have collar bones: Hair on the tail fhed fide
ways: Long whifkers.
Have long whifkers ; and a round tail, thick at the extremity.
30.
30. Jerboa. 29. Dypus. 31. Hare. 30. Lepus. 22. 32. Athkoko. 31. Hyrax. V. PECORA. 33. Camel. 32. Camelus. 27. 34. Mutk, 33. Mofchus. 28. 35. Deer. 34. Cervus. 29. 36. Camelopard. 35- Giraffa. 37. Antilope. 36. Antilope. 38. Goat. 37. Capra. 30. 39. Sheep. 38. Ovis. 31. 4o. Bull. 39. Bos. 32+ j VI. BELLU &. 41. Horfe. 40. Equus. 33. 42. Hippopotamus. 41. Hippopotamus. 34. 43. Tapir. 42. Tapir. 44. Hog. 43. Sus. 35- VE C EEE: 45. Narval. 44. Monodon. 37. 46. Whale. 45. Balaena. 38. 47. Cachalot. 46. Phyfeter. 39.
. Dolphin.
. Delphinus. 40.
F 2
MAMMAL TIA.
43
Have very fhort fore, and very long hind legs. The upper fore teeth double.
Have broad upper fore teeth. No tail.
Hornlefs. Has feveral tufks on each fide of each jaw.
Hornlefs. Solitary tufks; thofe in the upper jaw project from the mouth.
Has folid, branchy, deciduous horns. No tufks in either jaw.
Very fhort horns. The fore legs are much longer than thofe behind.
Has folid, fimple, perfiftent horns. tufks in either jaw.
Has hollow, erect horns.
Has hollow reclined horns.
Has hollow extended horns.
No
No tufks. No tufks. No tutfks.
Has fix fore teeth in each jaw.
Has four fore teeth in each jaw.
Has ten fore teeth in each jaw.
Has four fore teeth in the upper, and fix in the lower jaw.
Has two extended boney teeth in the up- per jaw.
Has horny teeth in the upper jaw.
Has boney teeth in the lower jaw only.
Has boney teeth in both jaws.
PRIMATES.
44 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man.
LPR Aus eS) 8
Their fore teeth are wedge-like, intended for cut- ting; thofe in the ‘upper jaw are parallel, and four in number.
‘They have two paps fituated on the breatft.
1 MAN—A0 MO. Know thy felf 7. Sapient Man.—1.—Z. Sapiens.
Man feems a native of the countries within the Tropics, and dates were probably his original food. He has, however, become accuftomed to the lels genial climes without the Torrid Zone, and now fupports his exiftence by means of agriculture, adding ani« mal food to that intended him by Nature.
This is the only fpecies; he is endowed with wifdom far fuperior to, or rather in exclufion of, all other animals. He varies from climate, education, and habits. Lin
nzeus enumerates the following varieties.
/
Wild Men.—a.—H. Feri. Walk on all fours, are dumb, and covered with hair j.
i. A youth found in Lithuania, in 1761, refembling a bear, 2. A youth found in Heffe, in 1544, refembling a wolf. 3>
* The name of this order may be tranflated Chiefs, as being the principal animals, becaufe it contains Man, and thofe animals which refemble him, efpecially in the circumftances of the teeth and mammae, or teats.—T.
+ This noted faying of Solon is the firft ftep towards the attainment of true wifdom, and was for- merly written, in letters of gold, on the temple of Diana.
£ Thefe inftances of wild men, and their fimilitudes, are partly to be attributed to impofture, and in part to exaggeration. Moft probably idiots who had flrayed from their friends, and who refembled the
above animals only in imitating their voices.—T.
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. 45
3. A youth in Ireland refembling a fheep, Tuip. O}/ iv. 9, . A youth in Bamberg refembling an ox. Camerarius.
. A wild youth found, in 1724, in Hanover.
. Wild boys found, in 1719, in the Pyrenees.
. A wild girl found, in 1717, in Overyfel.
. A wild girl found, in 1731, in Champagne.
Oo Os Que Bb
. A wild lad found near Leyden. Boerhaave,
American.—@.—H, Americant. OF copper coloured complexion, choleric conftitution, and remarkably erect.
Their hair is black, lank, and coarfe; their noftrils are wide; their features harfh, and the chin is fcantily fupplied with beard. Are obftinate in their tempers, free, and fatisfied with their condi-
tion ; and are regulated in all their proceedings by traditional cuftoms.—Paint their fkin with red ftreaks.
Europeans.—y.— AH, Europaez. Of fair complexion, fanguine temperament, and brawny form.
The hair is flowing, and of various fhades of brown; the eyes are moftly blue.—Of gentle man- ners, acute in judgment, of quick invention, and governed by fixed laws.—Drefs in clofe veft- ments,
Afiatic.—d.—A. Afiatici. Of footy complexion, melancholic temperament, and rigid fibre.
The hair is ftrong, black, and lank; the eyes dark brown.—Of grave, haughty, and covetous manners. Governed by opinions.—Drefs in loofe garments.
African—e—H. Afri. Of black complexion, phlegmatic temperament, and relaxed fibre.
The hair is black and frizly ; the fkin foft and filky; the nofe is flat; the lips thick; and the female has a natural apron *, and long lax breafts.—Of crafty, imdolent, and carelefs difpofitions, and are governed in their actions by caprice.—Anoint the fkin with greafe.
Monfters.—7C:—H, Monftrofi.
Of thefe there are feveral varieties; the firft and fecond of which, in the following
lift, are occafioned by peculiarity of climate, while the reft are produced by artificial management.
Io
~ * This circumftance is rather doubtful.
46 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. _ Man.
1. Alpini. The inhabitants of the northern mountains; thefe are {mall in ftature, active, and timid
in their difpofitions. 2. Patagonici. ‘The Patagonians of South America; of vaft fize, and indolent in their manners.
3: Alonorchides. ‘The Hottentots; having one tefticle extirpated. 4. Imberbes. Moft of the American nations; who-eradicate their beards, and the hair from every
part of the body except the fcalp. 5. Macrocephali. The Chinefe; wo have their heads artificially forced into a conical form. 6. Plagiccephali. The Canadian Indians; who have the fore part of their heads flattened, when
young, by compreffion.
The following arrangement, of the varieties in the human {pecies, is offered by Dr Gmelin as more convenient than that of Linnzeus.
1.- White.—a.—H. Albus.
Formed by the rules of fymmetrical elegance and beauty; or, at leaft, what we confider as fuch.— This divifion includes almoft all the inhabitants of Europe; thofe of Afia on this fide of the Oby, the Cafpian, Mount Imaus, and the Ganges; likewife the natives of the north of Africa, of Green-
land, and the Efquimeaux.
Brown.—b.—H. Badius.
OF a yellowifh brown colour; has feanty hairs, flat features, and {mall eyes.—This variety takes
in the whole inhabitants of Afia not included in the preceding divifion.
Black.—c.—H. Niger.
Of black complexion ; has frizly hair, a flat nofe, and thick lips—The whole inhabitants of Afri-
ca, excepting thofe of its more northern parts.
Copper coloured.—d.— Hi. Cupreus.
The complexion of the fkin refembles the colour of copper not burnifhed. ‘The whole inhabi-
tants of America, except the Greenlanders and Efquimeaux.
Tawny.—e.—H. Fu/fcus. - Chiefly of a dark blackifh brown colour, having a broad nofe, and harfh coarfe ftreight hair.— The inhabitants of the fouthern iflands; and of moft of the Indian iflands.
DESCRIP.
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man, “47
Dreotie Le ETON. OF Mea N,
The body, which feldom reaches fix feet in height, is erect, and almoft naked, ha- ving only fome fcattered diftant hairs, except in fome fmall {pots of the body, to be af- terwards noticed, and when firft born is entirely naked. The head is fhaped like an ege; the fcalp being long, and covered with hair; the forehead broad; the top of the head flat; and the hind head protuberant. The face is naked, having the brow, or forehead, flattened and quadrangular ; the temples are compreffled, with peaked angles pointing upwards and backwards towards the hairy fcalp. The eye brows are prominent, and covered with hairs which, fhedding outwards, cover each other like tiles; and, between the inner extremities of the two eye-brows, there is a fmooth, fhallow furrow, or de- preffion, in a line with the nofe. The upper eye lid is moveable, but the lower one hardly moves, and both-are planted, at their edges, with a row of ftiff recurved hairs, named eye-lafhes. ‘The eye-balls are round, having no fufpending mulcle as in thofe of moft quadrupeds; the pupil, or opening of the fight, is circular; and the eye has no membrana nitlitans *. ‘he upper parts of the cheeks are prominent, foftifh, and co- loured with a red blufh; their outer parts flattened ; the lower parts are hollowed, lax, and expanfile. The nofe is prominent and comprefled at the fides; its extremity or point is higher than the reft, and blunt; the noftrils are oval, open downwards, with thickened edges, and are hairy on their infides. The upper lip is almoft perpendicu- lar, and is furrowed on the middle, from the divifion between the noftrils to the edge of the lip; the under lip is erect, thicker and more prominent than that above; both have a f{mooth red protuberance, furrounding the mouth, at their edges. The chin is prominent, blunt, and gibbous. In males, the face, all round the mouth, is covered with hair, called the beard, which firft appears, a: cut puberty, in patches on the chin. ‘The teeth in both jaws may be diftinguifhed into three orders ; the fore teeth are erect, parallel, and wedge like, of the kind named incijors, or cutting tecth ; they iiana clole to each other, and are more equal and rounder than in other animals; the ¢w/fs, called, in man, eye teeth and corner teeth, of which there is only one on each fide of the fore teeth in each jaw, are a little longer than the fore teeth, but much lefs fo than in other ani- mals, and they are placed clofe to the other teeth; the grinders, of which there are five on each fide in both jaws, are blunt, and divided on their upper furface into pointed eminences; but thefe are not fo remarkable as in other animals. The ears are placed on the fides of the head, are of an oblong rounded figure, with a femilunar bend on
| their
* This membrane is a half tranfparent fereen, ferving the purpofe of eye-lids in fome degree; fome- times along with eye lids, and fometimes without them. It will be afterwards defcribed.—T.
43° MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man.
their anterior edges ; they lie flat to the head, are naked, arched at the margin on their upper and pofterior edges, and are thicker and foft at the under extremities.
The trunk of the body confilts of the neck, breaft, back, and belly. The neck is roundifh, and fhorter than the head; its vertebrae, or chine bones, are not, as in moft animals, connected by a fufpenfory ligament; the nape is hollowed; the throat, im- mediately below the chin, is hollowed at its upper part, and protuberant in the middle a little lower down. The breaft is fomewhat flattened both before and behind; on the fore part there is a cavity or depreflion where it joins with the neck; the arm-pits are hollow and hairy; the pit of the ftomach is flat: On the breaft are two diftant, round, protuberant mammae, or dugs, each having a cylindrical obtufe wrinkly projecting nipple, which is furrounded by a darker coloured circle called the areola. The back is flat, having protuberances on each fide at the fhoulder blades, with a furrow or depref- fion between them. The abdomen or belly is large and protuberant, with a hollow at the navel; the epigaftric region, or fituation of the ftomach, is flat; the hypogaftric regions, or fides of the belly, are protuberant ; the groins flattifh and hollowed. The pubis is hairy; the pelvis, or bafon, is wider above, and grows narrower below; the male parts are external and loofe; the penis cylindrical; the fcrotum roundifh, lax, and wrinkled, being divided in the middle by a longitudinal ridge or fmooth line, which extends along the whole perinaeum: ‘The female parts are compreffed and pro- tuberant, having labia, nymphae, clytoris, and hymen; and, in adults, fecreting the catamenia, ‘here is no external tail.
The limbs confift of arms and hands, inftead of fore legs, and of thighs, legs, and feet. ‘Lhe arms are placed at a diftance from each other; they are round, and about a foot in length, from the joint of the fhoulder to the elbow; the fore-arm, or cubit, contains two bones, and is obtufely prominent ; the w/a, which forms the principal thicknefs of the member, is round, and fomewhat flattened on the infide. The hands are broad, flat, and rounded; convex on the out fide, or back of the hand, and con- cave on the infide, or:palm. Each hand has five fingers, one of which, named the thumb, is fhorter and thicker than the reft, and is placed at fome diftance from them ; the others are near each other, and placed parallel, the outer or /ittle finger being the fmaileft ; the fecond, named index, or fore finger, and the fourth, called the ring finger, are next in length and in fize; and the third, or middle finger, is the longeft ; the point of this laft, when the arm and hand hang down, reaches to the middle of the thigh. ‘the nails are rounded and oval, being flatly arched, or convex upwards, and each has a femilunar whitith mark at the root or lower extremity.
The
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man, 49
The lower limbs are placed clofe together, having brawny mulcular haunches, and {welling flefhy hips; the knees are obtufe, bend forwards, and have hollow hams be- hind. ‘he legs, which are nearly of the fame length with the thighs, are of a mufcu- lar make behind, where they fwell out into what is called the ca/f; they are lean, and free of flefh on the fhins, or fore parts, and taper downwards to the ancles, which have hard hemifpherical projeétions on each fide, named the ankle bones, or malleclac. The heel is thick, prominent, and gibbous, being longer and broader than in other ani- mals, for giving a firm fupport to the body; it joins immediately with the fole of the foot. The feet are oblong, convex above, and flattened on the foles, which have a tranfverfe hollow about the middle. Each foot has five toes, fomewhat bent down- wards, and gibbous, or {welled, underneath at their extremities; they are all placed clofe together, the inner, or great toe, being thicker, and fomewhat fhorter, than the reft; the fecond and third are nearly of equal length; and the fourth and fifth are fhorter than the others, the laft mentioned, or little toe, being the fhorteft and {malleft. The toe nails refemble thofe on the fingers, which are already defcribed.
Thus man differs from the other animals in his erect pofture and naked fkin, having a hairy fealp, being furnifhed with hair on the eye-brows and eye-lafhes, and having, when arrived at puberty, the pubis, breaft, arm-pits, and the chin of the males, covered with hair. His brain is larger than that of any other animal, even the moft enormous; he is provided with an wvu/a, and has organs of fpeech. His face is placed in the fame parallel line with his body; he has a projecting compreffed nofe, and a prominent chin. His feet, in walking, reft on the heel. He has no tail; and, laftly, the fpecies is di- ftinguifhed, from other animals, by fome peculiarities of the female conftitution, which have been already mentioned.
OBS Ey ROV AST FOUN Ss ON, KAUN ©:
§ 1. PuystotocicaLLy.—Tecum habita /
Man is a frail machine, chiefly compofed of nerves and fibres interwoven with cach other. Ilis moft perfect flate is during youth; and he is endowed with faculties more
numerous
* In the original thefe are contained in a note, but are here thrown into the text for greater conve- nience.—T.
Vou, I. G
ao. MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man.
numerous, and in higher perfection, than thofe of all other animals. ‘ Man, intended “« for exercifing dominion over the whole animal creation, is fent, by Nature, Be) the ** world naked, forlorn, and bewailing his lot; he is then unable to ufe his hands or “* feet, and is incapable of acquiring any kind of knowledge without inftru@tion ; he ** can neither fpeak, nor walk, nor eat, nor do any action whatever by natural inftine.” Pliny.—** We may judge what kind of life is allotted to us by Nature, fince it is or- ‘* dained, as an omen, that we fhould come weeping into the world.’? Seneca.— It ‘* is humiliating to the pride of man, to confider the pitiable origin of this moft arro- <* gant of all the animals.” Pliny.
§ 2. DigTaticaLLy.—Cura valetudinem /
Bodily health and tranquillity of mind are more to be defired than all the riches, pomp, or glory, of a Crefus, a Solomon, or an Alexander. Health is to be preferved by moderation, it is deftroyed by abftinence, injured by variety of delicacies, weaken- ed by unufual things, and {trengthened by the ufe of proper and accuftomed fare. Man, learned in the pernicious art of cookery, is fond of many difhes, rendered palatable by the injurious effects of fire, and by the baneful addition of wine. “* Hunger is fatified ‘* with a {mall quantity of food, luxury demands overabundance. Imagination requires ** valt fupplies, while Nature is contented with a moderate quantity of ordinary food, “« and is burthened by fuperfluity.”? Seneca.—According as thou liveft, fo fhall thy life
be enjoyed. § 3. PATHOLOGICALLY.—Memento mori /
The life of man refembles a bubble ready to burft; his fate is fufpended by a hair, and is dependent on the uncertain lapfe of time. ‘* The earth contains nothing more- *“* frail than man.” Homer.—‘* Nothing is weaker than human life: To what dangers,. ** and to how many difeafes, is it not expofed? Hence the whole period of a man’s * life is but a fpan: Half of it is neceffarily {pent in a ftate refembling death ; without “« socluding the years of infancy, wherein there is no judgment, or the period of old ** ae, fertile in fufierings, during which the fenfes are blunted, the limbs become ftiff, ** and the faculties of fight and hearing, the powers of walking, and the teeth, the in- “ firuments of nourifhment, fail before the reft of the body. Pliny.—‘* Thus a confi- * derable part of death is fuffered during life; and death poflefles all that belonged. to “ the times which are paft. Finally, Nature will {peedily recal and deftroy all the bes
** ings
MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Man. gt
* ings which thou feeft, and all that thy imagination can fuppofe: to exift hereafter ; ‘¢ for death calls equally upon all, whether they be good, or whether they be evil.”
Seneca, it. 59. § 4. NaturaLty.—Innocuo vivite, Numen adeft !
‘Man, the Prince of animated beings, who is a miracle of Nature, and for whom all things on this earth were created, is a mimic animal, weeping, laughing, finging, ipeak- ing ; tra€table, judicious, inquifitive, and moft wife; he is weak and naked, unprovided with natural weapons, expofed to all the injuries of fortune, needful of afliftance from others, of an anxious mind, folicitous of protection, continually complaining, change- able in temper, obftinate in hope, and flow in the acquifition of wifdom. He defpifes the time which is paft, abufes that which is prefent, and fets his affections on the un- certain future; thus, continually neglecting winged time, which, though infinitely pre- cious, can never be recalled: For thus the beft and readieft time, in every age, flies on with miferable mortals; fome it fummons to attend their daily and burthenfome labours ; fome it confines to luxurious inaction, pampered, even to fuffocation, with fuperfluities ; fome it folicits in the ever reftlefs paths of ambition; fome it renders anxious for the acquifition of wealth, and diftrefles by the pofleffion of the thing de- fired ; fome it condemns to folitude, and others to have their doors continually crouded with vifitors ; here one bewails the conduét of his children, there one grieves their lofs : Tears will fooner fail us than their caufes, which only oblivion can remove. ‘‘ On “© every hand our evils overbalance our advantages ; we are furrounded with dangers; ** we rufh forwards into untried fituations; we are enraged without having received © provocation; like wild beats, we deftroy thofe we do not hate; we with for favou- *€ rable gales, which lead us only to deftru€tion; the earth yawns wide, ready for our ** death.” Seneca.—‘‘ Other animals unite together againft enemies of a kind different “* from their own, while man fuffers moft injuries from his own fpecies.” Pliny.
§ 5- PoLiTicaLLy.—E/io antiqua virtute et fide!
Man, inftead of foliowing that which is right, is fubje@ed to the guidance of mani-. feft error; this envelops all his faculties, under the thick veil of cuftom, as foon as he is born; according to its diftates he is fed, educated, brought up, and directed, in all things ; and by its arbitrary rules his honefty, fortitude, wifdom, morality, and reli- gion, are judged of; thus, governed by opinion, he lives conformably to cuftom, ins
G2 ftead
y2 “MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Man.
ftead of being guided by reafon. Though fent into the world a perifhable being, for all are evidently born to fuffer, inftead of endeavouring to fecure thofe things which are moft advantageous and truly beneficial, he, infatuated by the {miles of fortune, anxioufly collects her gawdy trifles for future enjoyment, and neglects her real bene- fits; he is driven to madnefs by envious {narlers; he perfecutes with hatred the truly re- ligious for differing from himfelf in fpeculative opinions ; he excites numberlefs broils, not that he may do good, but for a purpofe that even himfelf is ignorant of. He waftes his precious and irrecoverable time in trifles; he thinks lightly of immortal and eter- nal concerns, while regulating the fucceflion of his pofterity ; and, perpetually enter- ing on new projects, forgetful of his real condition, he builds palaces inftead of pre- paring his grave; till at length, in the midft of his f{chemes, Death feizes him, and then, firft opening his eyes, he perceives, O Man! that all is delufion. ‘‘ Thus we live as «* if immortal, and firft learn in death that we have to die.” Seneca.
§ 6. MoraLty.—Benefac et laetare !
Man is compofed of an animated medullary fubftance, which prompts him to that which is right, and of a bodily frame liable to impreffions, which inftigates him to the enjoyment of pleafure. In his natural ftate he is foolifh, wanton, an inconfiderate fol- lower of example, ambitious, profufe, diflatisfied, cunning, peevifh, invidious, mali- cious, and covetous; by the influence of juft morals he is transformed to be attentive, chalte, confiderate, modeft, temperate, quiet, fincere, mild, beneficent, grateful, and contented. ‘* Sorrow, luxury, ambition, avarice, the defire of life, and anxiety for
« the future, are common to all animals.” Pliny.
§ 7. THEoLocicaLLy.—Memento Creatoris tui?
Man, the ultimate purpofe of creation, and mafterpiece of the works of Omnipo- tence, was placed on earth that he might contemplate its perfections ; he was endowed with fapient reafon, and made capable of forming conclufions from the impreffions of his fenfes, that, from a confideration of created objects, he might know their Creator as the Almighty, the Infinite, the Omnifcient, the Eternal Gop: That we may live morally under his governing care, it is requifite that we have a thorough conviction of its exiftence, and muft have it ever in remembrance.—Other revealed matters on this fubject are left to be explained by the Theologians.
Sa nee!
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. > 53
«* There are two things which lead to a knowledge of Gop; Creation and Revela- “¢ tion.” Augu/tine.—‘ Gop, therefore, may be found out by the light of Nature, but “¢ is only to be known by the affiftance of dottrine.” Tertullian.—‘* Man alone has “¢ the ineftimable priviledge of contemplating the perfections of Gop, who is the au- ‘¢ thor both of Nature and of Revelation.” Ibid.‘ Learn that Gop has both ordered ** you to exift, and that you fhould ftudy to act that part properly which is allotted for *¢ you in life.” Perf. Sat. iii. 71.
i,
4 - MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Apes.
Il. APE—2, S7MTZ, 2.
Has four clofe fet fore-teeth in each jaw; fingle tufks on each fide in both jaws, which are longer than, and fomewhat re- mote from, the other teeth; and obtufe grinders. The feet are formed like hands.
This genus refembles man in the ftructure of the paps, clitoris, nymphae, uterus, uvula, eye-lafhes, hands, feet, fingers, toes, and nails. It is really wonderful that, with fo much external refemblance to man, efpecially in fome of the fpecies, this ftupid race of animals fhould differ fo widely in the total want of reafon *. Between the Tropics, in India, there are numerous fhady groves of trees, the branches of which, hanging downwards to the earth, again take root to form columnar trunks, whote thick and lofty tops, interlacing each other, overfhadow the earth, and protect it from being burnt up by the torrid influence of an ever vertical fun; under covert of this umbrageous thicket, along with parrets and other birds, the race of apes chiefly inhabits.
This is a fufpicious race of animals, and is endowed with a very retentive memory: They are fore- avard, fond of imitation, and full of gefticulations ; are with difficulty brought to learn any thing ; ufe threatening geftures, chatter with their teeth, and feem to laugh: They moftly macerate their food in their cheeks for fome time before they chew and fwallow it; are fond of hunting after fleas in their own fur and that ef their neighbours; have a very delicate fenfe of feeling, ufe their arms in fwimming, and void their faeces in a very filthy manner, when terrified. In fome fpecies the females have a diftinct urinary paflage. ‘They are libidinous when pregnant: They live moftly on vegetable food: They all fuckle their young; but very few of the fpecies are hitherto either fully known or accurately defcribed.
Apes, and parrots, the apes among birds, are more numerous in their fpecies than any other ani« mals. ‘They are mofily confined to the Torrid Zone, a fingle fpecies only being found beyond that line, in Barbary: They are lively, agile, full of frolic, chatter, and grimace; and, from the ftructure of their members, have many actions in common with mankind, but no fuperiority over moit other brutes in fagacity.. Moft of them are fierce and untameablé; yet fome are of a milder nature, and thew a degree of attachment to thofe who are kind to them; but, in general, they are endowed with mifchievous propenfities. ‘They are filthy, obf{cene, lafcivious, and thieving ; feed on fruits, leaves, grain, and infects; inhabit the woods, and live in trees; are moftly gregarious, and go together in vaft companies; but the different fpecies always keep apart, and in feparate quarters, never mixing with each other. They leap with vaft agility from tree to tree, even when loaded with their young,
“which cling tothem. ‘They are the prey of leopards, and other fpecies of the feline tribe, and of ferpents, which purfue them to the fummits of the trees, and fwallow them entire.
The principal marks by which the fpecies of this genus are diftinguifhable from each other, are derived, rft, from the tail, which is either long, fhort, or altogether wanting, or is ftraight, or pre- henfile; 2dly, from the buttocks, which are naked, and furnifhed with callofities, or are covered with hair; 3dly, from the nails, which are flat and rounded, like thofe of man, or fharp pointed,
like
* Simia quam fimilis turpifima beftia nobis.—Ennius.
ING
a
TE POR ee
og
th
I. trcher Se.
r
MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes. igs
like the claws of beafts in general; 4thly, from the prefeace or abfence of a beard on the chin; and, sthly, from the cheeks being provided with, or wanting, pouches in their under parts *. For greater convenience, the fpecies of this genus, which are very numerous, are arranged under five fubordi- nate divifions, confidered as diftinét genera by fome authors, and not without reafon : Three of thete fubdivifions were adopted by Linnzus; but Dr Gmelin, following Buffon, has added other two, taken from the third divifion of his great precurfor.
* APES —SIMI.
Have no tails. The vifage is flat; the teeth, hands, fingers, feet, toes, and nails, re- femble thofe of man; and they walk naturally erect. ‘This divifion includes the fimiae or apes, properly fo called, of the ancients, which are not found in Ame- Ticas
1. Chimpanzee.—1. Szmia troglodytes. 34].
Has-no tail. The head is conical; the whole body is of a robuft brawny make; the back and fhoulders are covered with hair, and the reft of the body is‘naked. Blu- menbach, comp. hift. nat. 1. 65. et de gen. hum. var. nativ. 37. Y
Satyrus indicus. Tulp. obf. med. 284. tab. xiiiiChimpanzee. Scotin, Nov. aét. Er. Lipt. m. Sept. 1739. tab. 5. p. 564.—Great ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 72.
Inhabits Angola, and was firft brought to Europe in the year 1738, being exhibited as a {how in London in the month of Auguft that year. What is faid by Linnzeus of the homo troglodytes t feems partly of fabulous origin, partly to refer to fome monftrous or morbid individual of the human race, and partly to belong to the above fpecies of ape. To the firft fource we muft evidently afcribe what is reported of his faculties of {peech, of thought, and of reafon; the fecond fuppofition is clear from. the fynonimous name kakurlacke, which he has cited; and to the third the remainder of the defcrip--, tion, and what is extracted from Bontius, may be referred. What our author has faid of Lucifer,, or men with tails, may likewife be confidered as fabulous..
* There is great difficulty in arranging the feveral divifions, fpecies, and varieties, of this genus; indeed, there are ftrong grounds for fufpeiing, that, as in dogs, the feveral fpecies intermix with each other, and produce an almoft endlefs variety, by which great confufion in the opinions and defcriptions of naturalifts have been occafioned, and’ which would require a much more minute attention to extri- cate than can ever be given to fo ufelefs a race of animals. Many apparent varicties have likewife been formed by the arts of {how-men, to impofe on the ignorance and.credulity of the curious, which has added to the difficulties of the natural hiftorian.—T. :
+ The various numerals ufed in this edition to the fpecies and varieties-are to be underflood thus: The marginal number on the leit hand fhews the running number of the fpecies in each clafs of this edition ; the number preceding the Englifh name is the running number of the fpecies in the genus; that preceding the Latin name fhews the arrangement of the {pecies in-Gmelin’s edition; and that which follows the Latin name is the number prefixed by Gmelin from the laft Linnzan edition, or referring to that ar- rangement.—T. ,
t This paragraph, which is a note in the edition by Dr Gmelin, refers to the laft Linnzan edition of the Syftema Nature.—T.
as)
56 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes.
2, Orang-outang.— 2. Szmia Satyrus, 1.
Has no tail. Is of a rufty brown colour; the hair on the fore-arms is reverfed, or ftands upwards 4 and the buttocks are covered with hair. Amoen. acad. vi, 68. tab. lxxvi. f. 4, Homo fylveftris, or wild man of the woods. Edwards, av. v. 6. tab. 213-—Orang-utang. Cam-
per, kort beright, &c. Amfterdam 1788. p. 8.
Inhabits the ifland of Borneo.—Is about two feet high, and walks moftly erect. The body and iimbs are univerfally covered with brown hair, about an inch long, which is thinly-interfperfed with reddifh hairs; the hair on the fore-arms, towards the wrifts, is reverfed, or lies with its points turn- ed towards the elbow; the buttocks are covered with hair: The head is round, having a naked fore- head; the margin of the mouth is hairy; the eye-laihes are black, the upper being longer and thicker than thofe below ;.and 4 range of tranfverfely placed hairs occupies the place of eye-brows: The nofe is very fhort, and is covered with down: The palms of the hands are fmooth, and the thumb is fhorter than the palm; the feet refemble thofe of man, except that the great toes are confiderably
fhorter than the others, which are very long.
Much as this fpecies refembles mankind, even poffeffing the os hyoides, it muft ftill be referred to the genus of Ape, with which it agrees in wanting the flat round nail on the great toes, and in the firucture of the larynx; befides thefe circumftances, it is evident, from the direction of the mufcles, and from the whole figure of the fkeleton, that this animal is not defigned by nature for an erect pofture.
B. Pongo.—Simza Satyrus Pongo,
Has no tail, no cheek pouches, and no callofities on the buttocks ; walks always erect; and is between five and fix feet high. Sm. Buff. viii. 77.
Homo fylveftris, f, Orang-outang. Bontius, Jav. 84. tab. 84.
Thabits the ifland of Java, and the interior parts of Guinea—Has no pouches within his cheeks, no tail, and no callofities on the buttocks; which laft are plump and flefhy. All the teeth are fimi- lar to thofe of man. ‘The face is flat, naked, and tawny; the ears, hands, feet, breaft, and belly,
are likewife naked; the hair of the head defcends on both temples in the form of trefles; the hair
on the back and loins is in {mall quantities. It is five or fix feet high, and walks always erect on the two hind feet. It has not been afcertained whether the females of this fpecies, or variety, are fubject to periodical difcharges, but analogy renders this almoft unqueftionable. ‘This animal is, by
Dr Gmelin, confidered only as a variety of the crang-outang.
y. Jocko.—Simza Satyrus Focko.
Refembles the former, but is only two feet and a half in height. Sm. Buff. viii, 86. tab. cclii. Cyolock. De Vifme, Phil. Tranf. xiv. 73. tab. 3.—Homo fylveftris, Orang-outang. Tyfon,
anat. of a pigmy. 108. fig. 1. and 2.
The one feen by the Count de Buffon was about two feet and a half high; and, by the informa- tion of his proprietor, was only about two years old. He walked always erect; his air was melan- choly, his gait srave, his movements meafured, and his difpofitions gentle, without any of the mif-
chievous tricks, impatience, malicioufels, or extravagance, of other apes, baboons, and monkeys. He
MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes. 57
He was remarkably docile, and imitative of the actions of mankind, requiring only figns and words to make him aét, while other apes require to be managed with blows; would prefent his hand to vifitors; fat down at table, unfolded his napkin, wiped his lips, ufed a fpoon or a fork, poured his liquor into « glafs, which he made to touch that of the perfon who drank along with him; would bring a cup and faucer to the tea table, put in fugar, pour out the tea, and allow it to cool before he drank. He eat almoft of every thing that was offered, but preferred ripe and dried fruits, and fweet-meats; drank a little wine, but fpontancoufly left it for milk, tea, or other mild liquors. He was troubled with a teazing cough; lived one fummer in Paris, and died in London the following winter. It is probable that this young animal, if pofleffed of liberty in its native climate, would have acquired, with age, the fame heights and dimenfions which travellers have afcribed to the Pongo, or great Ourang-outang : Of courfe, till better informed, thefe two animals muft be confidered as con- ftituting but one fpecies.
In Mr Pennant’s Synopfis of Quadrupeds, the two laft animals, and the Chimpanzee, are con- fidered only as one fpecies, of which he gives the following defcription, under the name of great ape. Tas a flat face with a deformed refemblance of the human countenance; ears exactly like thofe of man; the hair on the head longer than on the reft of the body; the body and limbs are covered with reddifh fhaggy hair, which is longeft on the back, and thinneft on the fore-parts ; the face and paws are fwarthy; the buttocks are covered with hair.
3. Great Gibbon.—3. Simia Lar. 35.
Has no tail. The arms are naked, and as long as the body; the buttocks are naked.
Homo lar. Mantiff. pl. ii. p. 521. Miller on var. fub. of nat. hift. tab. xxvii. A. B—Grand gibbon. Sm. Buff. viii. 113. tab. ccliti—Long armed are: Penn. H. of Q. n. 74.—Simia longi-. mana. Schreber, i. 66. tab. iii. 1.
Tnhabits India, particularly Coromandel, Malacca, Sumatra, and the Molucca iflands.—Of a mild and flothful difpofition, impatient of cold and rain; is about four feet high, of a black colour with a fwarthy face, and approaches nearer to the manners of mankind than even the Orang-outang, be- ing more inclined to the erect pofture. It is named Go/ok in India. There are flight callofities on the buttocks. The face is flat, brown, and {urrounded with a circle of grey hairs; the canine teeth are proportionally longer than thofe of man; the ears are naked, black, and round; the eyes are large and funk; the arms are fo- enormoufly long, that, when walking erect, he can reach tke \ ground without bending the body. The female has the catamenia. This animal is about three feet high when ftanding erect, but fometimes grows to be as tall as a man; it is of a tranquil difpofi- tion and of gentle manners, receiving mildly what is given to it, and feeding, at leaft in confinement, moftly on bread, fruits, and almonds.
B. Leffler Gibbon.—Simia Lar minor. Refembles the former, but is much lefs, being only about a foot and a half high; the body and face are of a brown colour. Small gibbon. Sm. Buff. viii. 113. t. ccliv.—Leffer long-armed ape. Penn. H. of Q. in. 74. ae. Miller’s plates, xxvii. Schreber, 8o. t. iii. f. 2. Lev. muf.
Fnhabits Malacca. VoL. I. H
58 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. - Apes.
y-» Silvery Gibbon,—Szmza Lar argentea.
The body and arms are covered with filvery hairs; the face, ears, crown of the head, and hands, are black. Penn. H. of Q. n. 74. 2.
Inhabits the forefts of Devat in the interior parts of Bengal.—This animal refembles the great Gibbon, except in colour, but is more elegantly made; it is about three feet high when erect, very frolickfome and good natured. Was in the poffeffion of the late Lord Clive fome years ago.
4. Pigmy.—4. Simia Sylvanus. 2.
Has no tail, The buttocks are naked; the head roundifh; and the arms fhorter than
the body.
Simia. Gefh. quad. 847.—Briff. quad. 188.—Cercopithecus. Jonft. quad. t. 59. £ 1.—Pi- theque. Sm. Buff. viii. 106.—Pigmy-ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 73.—Tiénxos. Ariftotle.—Its ana- tomy: EE. N. C. d. 2. a. 7. obf. 40.7
Inhabits Africa and Ceylon.—The face is {hort and flat, having a tranfverfe projection at the re- gion of the eye-brows ; the fur is harfh, and is reverfed on the neck and fore-arms. It has a deep furrow in the middle of the fcrotum, which hides the penis; the tefticles increafe in fize towards the autumnal feafon; the female fundament is much fwelled. This animal ufes threatening geftures when angry, and chatters when pleafed; {alutes paflengers after the manner of the Caffres, and fips its drink from the palm of the hand. The tufks, or canine teeth, are not proportionally larger than thofe of man; the face is Mat; and the nails are flat and rounded like thofe of mankind. It walks erect on two feet, and is about a foot and a half high; of a mild difpofition, and eafily tamed. The female has the menftrual difcharge, according to the ancients, and analogy forbids us to doubt the fact. The ears are like thofe of a man; the body is about the fize of a cat; the general colour is
an olive brown on the upper parts of the body, and yellowifh on the lower.
5. Magot.— 5. Szmia mmuus. 3.
Has no tail. The buttocks are naked; and the head is oblong. Simia cynocephala, dog-headed ape. Briff. quad. 191.—Cynocephalus, 1. and 2. Alpin. Avgypt. 241. tab. 15. £. 1. et tab. 16.—Magot. Sm. Buff viii. 117. pl. cclv. and cclvi—Barbary ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 76.—Simia inuus. Schreber, 1. 71. tab. v.
Is found in Tartary, Arabia, /Ethiopia, Barbary, Mauritania, all Africa, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and in India.—Refembles very much the Simia fylvanus and cynocephalos, but has a longer fnout, and is of a paler colour than either; it muft not, however, be confounded with the Pigmy, or former of thefe fpecies. All the nails are rounded. There is a fmail portion of {kin at the rump, which has the appearance of a tail; the cheeks are furnithed with pouches; the tufks are proportionally longer than thofe of man, and the under part of the fnout is turned up like the muzzle of a bull-dog; the face is downy; the hair on the body is of a greenifh brown colour, and that on the belly of a whitith yellow. He walks fometimes erect, but oftener on all four; is from three, to three and a half feet high: The females menftruate, and are fmaller than the males. It is fond of being in the open air, and by no means delicate, even in the.climate of Europe; of an
ugly afpect, melancholy, and dirty; chatters and grinds the teeth when irritated, or when hungry; has
10
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MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes, 59
has prominent callofities on the buttocks. The Count de Buffon thinks that there are feveral varie- ties of this fpecies, though he has only defcribed one.
6. Hog-faced Ape. —Simia Suilla.
Has a blunt truncated nofe, exactly refembling that of a ee Penn. H. of Q. p. 17 pl. xx. fig. 1.
The engraving of this animal, given by Mr Pennant, is from a copy of a drawing in the Britifh Mufeum, but along with which there is no account to enable us to trace its hiftory. Mr Pennant fuppofes it may be the yosgorstaxesy or Simia porcaria of Ariftotle; as, at any rate, in his opinion, that animal muft be an ape, and not a baboon, according to the Count de Buffon’s idea; becaufe the zidqxor, or apes of Ariftotle, had no tails, and the baboons have.—So far as I can pretend to judge of Mr Pennant’s figure, it feems a bad reprefentation of the Mandril, or Simia maimon, though, from refpect to the authority of that great naturalift, it is here inferted as a diftinét fpecies of ape.—T.
** BABOONS.—PAPIONES.
Have fhort tails; a long face; a broad high muzzle; longifh dog-like tufks, or canine teeth; and naked callofities on the buttocks. ‘They are only found in the Old World; and are the Papiones and Kyvazegeax of the ancients.
1, Maimon.—6. S. Papio nemeftrina. 4.
Has a fhort tail, and a thin beard: Is of a brown grey colour; the eyes are hazel, and the buttocks are naked.
Short tailed ape. Edwards, av. v. p. 8. t. 214.—Maimon. Sm. Buff. viii. 137. pl. cclxii.— Pig— tailed baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 85.
Inhabits Sumatra.—Has cheek-pouches, callofities on the buttocks, and a naked curled up tail, from five to fix inches in length; the tufks are not proportionally longer than in man ; the orbits of the eyes are prominent; the eyes are chefnut coloured, with black eye-lids; the face is naked and tawny, the muzzle very large, the nofe flat, and the lips thin, with fome ftiff hairs, which are too fhort to form whifkers; the ears, hands, and feet, are naked and tawny; the hair on the body is of an olive black colour, and reddifh yellow on the belly; the male organs are concealed under the fkin. It fometimes walks erect, but moftly on all fours; and, when erect, is from two to two and a half feet high. he female menftruates. ‘This is a vivacious, gentle, tractable, and even earefling animal, without any of the immodefty and impudence of moft baboons; and is very im- patient of cold.
2. Little Baboon.—7. S. Papio apedia. 5.
The tail is fhort: The thumbs of the hands ftand clofe to the fingers, having oblong
nails on the fingers, and rounded nails on the thumbs; the. buttocks are hairy. Amoen. ac. L.278.
Little baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 83.—Petit Papion. Sm. Buff. viii. 121. pl. cclviii. HL 2: Tnhabits:
I Oo
14
6a MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Baboons,
Inhabits India.—The head is roundith, with a proje&ting muzzle, and roundifh naked ears; the hair on the body is yellow, tipt with black; the face is brown, and almoft naked, having only a few fcattered hairs; the nails are all compreffed and oblong, except on the thumbs and great toes, the nails of which refemble man; the tail is very thort, being hardly an inch long ; the body is about the fize of a cat.—It is uncertain if this animal fhould be confidered as a diftinét fpecies, or only as
a variety of the Simia {ciurea ?—Gmel.
3. Great Baboon.—8. S. Papo Sphinx. 6.
The tail is fhort ; the mouth is furnifhed with whifkers; the nails are fharp pointed and narrow; and the butiocks are naked.
Papio. Gefner, quad. 252. t..253. Aldrov. dig. 260. Jonft. quad. 145. t. 61. f. 1. Ral. quad. 158. Briil) quad. 192.—Papion. Sm. Buf. viii. 121. pl. cclvii.—Simia fphinx. Schreber, i. 80. tab. vi—Great baboon. Pen. H. of Q. n. 76. pl. xvii. and xviii.
Inhabits Borneo, according to Gmelin; Buffon and Pennant fay the hotter parts of Africa—A ftrong, fierce, and libidinous animal, very apt to offer violence to women. The head is oblong, and refembles that of a dog, but more obtufe; the tail is fhort and ereét; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood red colour; the cheeks have pouches; and there are large naked callofities on the but- tocks, of a blood red colour edged with purple; the muzzle is thick and long; the ears are naked ; the body is mafly and contracted, with thick, fhort, ftrong limbs; the male parts are large, naked, fleth-coloured, and pendulous; the hair is long, bufhy, of a reddifh brown colour, and pretty uni- form over the whole body. It walks oftener on all fours than ere€t; is from three to four feet high when ftanding on the hind feet. This is a brifk, ferocious, difobedient, mifchievous, and nafty animal; and infolently falacious, even to the ufe of manuftupration. ‘The female menftruates, and brings only one young at a time, which fhe carries in her arms fixed to the pap. It lives chiefly on fruits, roots, and feeds, gathering in crowds to rob gardens and cultivated lands, which it does with sreat dexterity.—The Count de Buffon confiders this and the former fpecies as only varieties of one fpecies; which he thinks contains many varieties of different fizes, but agreeing in their general fisure and manners. The individual feen by Mr Pennant, and referred by him to this fpecies of
the Linnean fyf{tem, was five feet high.—T,
4. Mantegar.—9. S. Papio mormon. 36.
Has a fhort tail, and is thinly bearded; the cheeks are tumid, naked, of a bright blue colour, and obliquely furrowed ; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood-red colour. Alftroemer, Act. Holm. 1766, vol. 27. p. 138.
Short tailed, and bearded ape, fimia, having fharp claws, and the top of the head furmounted with an erect tuft of hair, like a mitre. Kramer, anim. auftral. 310—Mantegar. Phil. Tranf. n. 290.—Chloras. Breflauer Natur. Kunftgefch. xv. Verf. 177.—Tufted ape. Penn. H. of Q.
p. 174. pl. xvi. f. 2.—Simia mormon. Schreber. i. 65. tab. viii.
{inhabits India.—The forehead is crowned with an ereét pyramidal tuft of grey hair; the fnout is long and naked, with the nofe of a blood-red colour; the cheeks are naked, furrowed obliquely, and of a blue colour; the hair on the throat, and under part of the neck, is yellowifh, gray on the aypper paxt of the neck, brownith gray on the back, and whitith on the belly; on the loins the ‘kin,
which
16
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MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Baboons, Gt
which is of a violet colour, fhines through a thin covering of hair; the buttocks have naked pro- jeGting callofities of a blood red colour; the middle of the belly is naked longitudinally, and of a blood red colour; the tail is very fhort; the claws of the fingers and toes are fharpifh and compref- fed; thofe on the thumbs and great toes are flat and rounded.—I fufpe& that this is the fame fpe- cies with the Mandril, or Papio maimon, and that the pyramidal tuft on the fore head is the effect of art, for the purpofe of impofition.—T.
5. Mandril.—t1o. S, Papio Maimon, 7. Has a fhort tail, and a thin beard on the chin; the cheeks are blue, and ftriped; and
the buttocks are naked.
Cynocephalus. Gefner, quad. 93. t. 93. Cluf. exot. 370. Jonft: quad. t. 59. f. 4.—Dog- faced cercopithecus, having long hair on the fore part of the body, and the nofe violet coloured and naked. Briff. quad. 214.—Mandril, or ribbed nofe baboon. Sm. Buff. viii. 131. pl. cclix. cclx. cclxi.—Rib-nofed baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 77.—Simia maimon. Schreber, i. 74. tab. vii.
Inhabits Guinea.—Refembles the former in its blue, ribbed nofe, but wants the tuft of hair on the fore head. It is an ugly and difzufting animal, ‘of a fullen deformed afpect, with a fquat body, very large head, long muzzle, and flat nofe, perpetually diftilling a nafty fnot, which, with his
- tongue, he licks into his mouth. It has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks, which are
of a blocd red colour; the anus is confpicuous, and placed very high; the tail is not above two or three inches long; the tufks are much thicker and longer than in man; the muzzle is very thick, very long, and furrowed on each fide with deep longitudinal ribs or wrinkles; the face is naked, and of a bluifh or violet colour; the ears, palms of the hands, and foles of the feet are naked; the hair is long, reddifh brown on the body, and gray on the breaft and belly: This fpecies walks of- tener erect than on four feet ; and, when ere¢t, is from four to four and a half feet high, fome in- dividuals or varieties being ftill larger: The females menftruate: It is larger, and perhaps ftronger, than the great baboon, or Papio {phinx, but more peaceable, and lefs ferocious; is found on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, and other fouthern parts of Africa, where it is called Boggo by the negroes; it weeps
and groans like mankind, and has a violent paflion for women, whom it frequently attacks, and forces, when at a diftance from relief.
6. Hoggifh Baboon.—r1. S, Papio porcaria. 48,
Has a fhort tail,.and coloured buttocks; the head is like that of a hog, with a naked
‘ fnout ; the body is of an olive brown colour; the nails are fharp and comprefled. Bodaert. Naturf. 22. p. 17. t. I. 2.
Kesgomionxoc. Ariftotelis,
Inhabits Africa, and is about three feet and a half high when ftanding erect.—This, in all pro- bability, is the fame animal with the hog-faced ape, adopted from Pennant as the eighth fpecies of the fub-genus ape in this edition. —T.
7. Wood Baboon.—S. Papio /ylvicola.
The face, hands, and feet, are naked, black, and fmooth, with white nails.
Wood baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 78. tab. xix.—Leverian mul. Inhabits
18
62 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. —-Baboons.
Inhabits Guinea, where it is called man of the woods by the Englifh.—Has a long dog-like face, covered with a fine grained, fmooth, glofty, black fkin; the hands and feet are naked, black, and sloffy, like the face, and have white, flat, rounded nails; the body, head, limbs, and tail, are uni- verfally covered with longifh clofe fet hair, elegantly mottled with black and tawny; the ears are almoft hid in the fur. It is about three feet high, when erect, and the tail is not three inches long.
8. Yellow Baboon.—S, Papio variegata.
Of a bright yellow colour, mottled with black; having a long black naked face, and the back of the hands are covered with hair. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q. n. 79.
This animal ftrongly refembles the wood baboon, except in fize, and having hairy hands: The face is long, black, and naked; the ears are hid in the fur; over the eyes are feveral long duitky hairs; the backs of the hands are covered with hair. It is about two feet high, and is probably a native of Africa; but its place, age, and hiftory, are obfcure.
g. Cinereous Baboon.—S. Papio cinerea.
Has a dufky face, with a pale brown beard; the body and limbs are of a cinereous
brown colour; and the crown of the head is mottled with yellow. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q. n. 80. :
Its place and hiftory are uncertain; but it probably eomes from Africa; and is about two feet high.
10. Blue-faced Baboon.—S. Papio livea.
Has a bluifh face; two very broad flat fore-teeth ; and a pale brown beard. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q.n. 8.
This animal is about three feet high; has Jong hairs over the eyes; and a tuft of hair behind each
ear; the hair is black, mixed with cinereous, and dull rufty brown. Its place and hiftory are un- known.
1. Brown Baboon,.—S. Papio platypygos.
Has a dirty white face, furrounded with fhort ftraight hairs; and a broad large muzzle. Penn. H. of Q. n. 82. pl. xx. fig. 2.
Simia:platypygos.. Schreber, 89. tab. v. B.
The place and hiftory of this animal are uncertain—The upper parts of the body are brown, and- the under parts afh coloured; the tail is about four inches long, tapers to.a point, is almoft bare, and quite naked on its under part.—Mr Pennant refers to this fpecies an animal which he inferted in the firft edition of his work on quadrupeds, under the name of New baboon.
12. Crefled Baboon.—S, Papio criftata,
Has very long and difhevelled hair on the crown of the head and cheeks. Leverian Muf Penn. H. of. Q. n. 84.
Tuhabits
24.
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. 63
. -Inhabits Africa.—Is about two feet high; and the tail, which is flender and taper, is about feven ,
inches long; the body and limbs are covered with long, black hair; that on the head and cheeks is long, difhevelled, and of a dufky colour; the breaft is whitifh; the face, hands, and feet, are black and naked.
*t* MONKEYS—CERCOPITHECL
Have long tails, which are not prehenfile; the under parts of their cheeks are furnifh- ed with pouches, in which they can keep their victuals; the partition between the noftrils is thin, and the apertures are, like thofe of man, placed in the under part of the nofe; the buttocks are naked, and provided with callofities. ‘Thefe animals, which are never found native in America, are the Cercopitheci, and Kvgo, of the an- cients.
1. Dog-tailed Monkey. 12.—S. Cercopithecus cynofuros. 37.
Has a long tail and no beard : The face is long, with a footy coloured fore-head, and a whitifh band over the eyes; the male parts are highly coloured ; the nails are convex. Scopoli delic. flor. et faun. Infubr. P. 1. p. 44. tab. xix.
This animal is about the fize of a middling dog, being near two feet high when erect; it is deceit- ful, reftlefs, and libidinous. Its country is unknown.
2. Tartarin.—13. S. Cercopithecus hamadryas. 8,
Has a long tail, and naked blood-coloured buttocks ; the ears are hid in the hair; the nails are fomewhat pointed.
Egyptian ape, having a long tail, and naked prominent buttocks. Hafelquift, it. 189.— Ape, fimia, having the upper part of the ears very hairy. Alpin. hift. nat. A'gypt. 242. tab. 17.-19.— Cynocephalus. Gefner, quad. 252. f. p. 253.—Dog-faced baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 86.—Simia
hamadryas. Schreber, i. 82. tab. x.—Le Tartarin. Belon. portrait. 102.
Inhabits Africa, Arabia, and Afia.—The tail of this fpecies is {carcely fo long as the body; long hair hangs down on each fide, from the ears, like a flowing wig; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood-red colour: This fpecies is about five feet high when erect; the head and face refemble a
dog, the muzzle being long, thick, ftrong, and prominent, with a fmooth red nofe; the face is na-
. ked; and the ears are pointed, and hid in the hair; the hair on the fides of the head, and on the “body, as far as the waift, is long and fhaggy ; on the top and hind part of the head, the limbs, and
the body below the wailt, it is fhort; the nails of the fingers are flat, but thofe of the toes are fharp and narrow.
@. Urfine Tartarin.—S. Cercopithecus hamadryas urfinus.
That part of the head immediately above the fore-head is prominent, and terminates in a ridge. Urfine dog-faced baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 86. 4. Kolben. ii. 120. La Caille, 296.
Tnhabits
26
27)
29
64 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—This fpecies, or variety as Mr Pennant confiders it, has a great head, long thick nofe, and fhort ears; the crown is covered with long upright hairs; the part of the head immediately above the fore-head is prominent, and terminates in a ridge; the whole body is covered with long dufky hair, fo that, at firft fight, the animal appears like a young bear ; the body is thick and ftrong, with fhort limbs; is four feet high when fitting, and as tall as a middle fized man when erect; the tail is half the length of the body, ftraight at the beginning, and arched at the end; the nails are flat and rounded; the buttocks are of a bloody red colour. The animals of this fpecies are very numerous, and go